localPackages.biu: merge repo

2026-01-12 02:09:26 +08:00 · 2024-04-02 11:08:47 +08:00
parent 3087681a19
commit 4e7ae53b3d
31 changed files with 1732 additions and 19 deletions
--- a/.clangd
+++ b/.clangd
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+CompileFlags:
+  Add: [ -Wall, -Wextra, -std=c++23 ]
+  Compiler: gcc
--- a/.envrc
+++ b/.envrc
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+use flake
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
 result
 result-man
 outputs
+.direnv
--- a/flake.lock
+++ b/flake.lock
@@ -54,22 +54,6 @@
        "url": "https://flakehub.com/f/zhaofengli/attic/0.1.%2A.tar.gz"
      }
    },
-    "biu": {
-      "flake": false,
-      "locked": {
-        "lastModified": 1711969538,
-        "narHash": "sha256-wGw+f7okXUDueWrUjRVqPb3Kx/OwIP8xrfvYRXbrAww=",
-        "owner": "CHN-beta",
-        "repo": "biu",
-        "rev": "dbdc36394271f859f25cabaceed971898741a1c6",
-        "type": "github"
-      },
-      "original": {
-        "owner": "CHN-beta",
-        "repo": "biu",
-        "type": "github"
-      }
-    },
    "blurred-wallpaper": {
      "flake": false,
      "locked": {
@@ -1953,7 +1937,6 @@
    "root": {
      "inputs": {
        "aagl": "aagl",
-        "biu": "biu",
        "blurred-wallpaper": "blurred-wallpaper",
        "chaotic": "chaotic",
        "citation-style-language": "citation-style-language",
--- a/flake.nix
+++ b/flake.nix
@@ -68,7 +68,6 @@
    lmod = { url = "github:TACC/Lmod"; flake = false; };
    mumax = { url = "github:CHN-beta/mumax"; flake = false; };
    kylin-virtual-keyboard = { url = "git+https://gitee.com/openkylin/kylin-virtual-keyboard.git"; flake = false; };
-    biu = { url = "github:CHN-beta/biu"; flake = false; };
  };

  outputs = inputs:
@@ -175,5 +174,14 @@
      overlays.default = final: prev:
        { localPackages = (import ./local/pkgs { inherit (inputs) lib; pkgs = final; topInputs = inputs; }); };
      config.archive = false;
+      devShell.x86_64-linux = let inherit (inputs.self.nixosConfigurations.pc) pkgs; in pkgs.mkShell
+      {
+        packages = with pkgs; [ pkg-config cmake ninja clang-tools_17 ];
+        buildInputs =
+          (with pkgs; [ fmt boost magic-enum libbacktrace eigen range-v3 ])
+          ++ (with pkgs.localPackages; [ concurrencpp tgbot-cpp nameof ]);
+        # hardeningDisable = [ "all" ];
+        # NIX_DEBUG = "1";
+      };
    };
 }
--- a/local/pkgs/biu/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/local/pkgs/biu/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.14)
+project(biu LANGUAGES CXX)
+enable_testing()
+include(GNUInstallDirs)
+
+if(NOT CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE AND NOT CMAKE_CONFIGURATION_TYPES)
+  message("Setting build type to 'Release' as none was specified.")
+  set(CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE Release CACHE STRING "Choose the type of build." FORCE)
+  set_property(CACHE CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE PROPERTY STRINGS "Debug" "Release" "MinSizeRel" "RelWithDebInfo")
+endif()
+
+find_package(magic_enum REQUIRED)
+find_package(fmt REQUIRED)
+find_package(Boost REQUIRED COMPONENTS headers iostreams)
+# find_package(concurrencpp REQUIRED)
+find_package(Eigen3 REQUIRED)
+find_package(range-v3 REQUIRED)
+find_path(NAMEOF_INCLUDE_DIR nameof.hpp REQUIRED)
+# find_path(TGBOTCPP_INCLUDE_DIR tgbot/tgbot.h REQUIRED)
+# find_library(TGBOTCPP_LIB libTgBot.a REQUIRED)
+# find_path(BACKTRACE_INCLUDE_DIR backtrace.h REQUIRED)
+# find_library(BACKTRACE_LIB backtrace REQUIRED)
+
+# add_library(biu SHARED src/common.cpp src/logger.cpp src/string.cpp)
+add_library(biu SHARED src/common.cpp)
+target_include_directories(biu PUBLIC
+  $<BUILD_INTERFACE:${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/include>
+  $<INSTALL_INTERFACE:${CMAKE_INSTALL_INCLUDEDIR}>
+  ${NAMEOF_INCLUDE_DIR} ${TGBOTCPP_INCLUDE_DIR})
+target_link_libraries(biu PUBLIC
+  magic_enum::magic_enum
+  fmt::fmt
+  Boost::headers Boost::iostreams
+#   concurrencpp::concurrencpp
+  Eigen3::Eigen
+  range-v3::range-v3)
+# ${TGBOTCPP_LIB} ${BACKTRACE_LIB})
+set_property(TARGET biu PROPERTY CXX_STANDARD 23 CXX_STANDARD_REQUIRED ON CXX_EXTENSIONS OFF)
+install(TARGETS biu EXPORT biuConfig)
+install(EXPORT biuConfig NAMESPACE ${PROJECT_NAME}:: DESTINATION ${CMAKE_INSTALL_LIBDIR}/cmake/biu)
+install(DIRECTORY include/ DESTINATION ${CMAKE_INSTALL_INCLUDEDIR})
+
+get_property(ImportedTargets DIRECTORY "${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}" PROPERTY IMPORTED_TARGETS)
+message("Imported targets: ${ImportedTargets}")
+message("List of compile features: ${CMAKE_CXX_COMPILE_FEATURES}")
--- a/local/pkgs/biu/default.nix
+++ b/local/pkgs/biu/default.nix
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+{
+  stdenv, cmake,
+  magic-enum, fmt, boost, eigen, range-v3, nameof
+}: stdenv.mkDerivation
+{
+  name = "biu";
+  src = ./.;
+  buildInputs = [ magic-enum fmt boost eigen range-v3 nameof ];
+  nativeBuildInputs = [ cmake ];
+}
--- a/local/pkgs/biu/include/biu.hpp
+++ b/local/pkgs/biu/include/biu.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+# pragma once
+// # include <biu/atomic/atomic.tpp>
+// # include <biu/called_by.hpp>
+# include <biu/common.tpp>
+// # include <biu/concepts.tpp>
+// # include <biu/format.tpp>
+// # include <biu/logger.tpp>
+// # include <biu/smartref.tpp>
+// # include <biu/string.tpp>
+# include <biu/eigen.hpp>
--- a/local/pkgs/biu/include/biu/atomic/atomic.hpp
+++ b/local/pkgs/biu/include/biu/atomic/atomic.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+# pragma once
+# include <biu/logger.hpp>
+
+namespace biu::detail_
+{
+	template <DecayedType ValueType> class AtomicBase<ValueType, true>
+		: public Logger::ObjectMonitor<Atomic<ValueType, true>>, protected AtomicBase<ValueType, false>
+	{
+		using DeepBase_ = AtomicBase<ValueType, false>;
+		using DeepBase_::AtomicBase;
+		public: class TimeoutException : public Logger::Exception<TimeoutException>
+		{
+			using Logger::Exception<TimeoutException>::Exception;
+		};
+
+		protected: template
+		<
+			bool ReturnFunctionResult,
+			typename ConditionFunction = std::nullptr_t, typename Duration = std::nullptr_t, bool Nothrow = false
+		> static auto apply_
+		(
+			auto&& atomic, auto&& function,
+			ConditionFunction&& condition_function = nullptr, Duration timeout = nullptr
+		) -> DeepBase_::template ApplyReturnType_
+				<decltype(function), decltype(atomic), ReturnFunctionResult, ConditionFunction, Duration, Nothrow>
+			requires DeepBase_::template ApplyConstraint_
+				<decltype(function), decltype(atomic), ConditionFunction, Duration>;
+
+		protected: template <bool Nothrow = false, typename Duration = std::nullptr_t> static auto wait_
+			(auto&& atomic, auto&& condition_function, Duration timeout = nullptr)
+			-> DeepBase_::template WaitReturnType_<decltype(atomic), decltype(condition_function), Duration, Nothrow>
+			requires DeepBase_::template WaitConstraint_<decltype(condition_function), Duration>;
+
+		protected: template
+			<bool Nothrow = false, typename ConditionFunction = std::nullptr_t, typename Duration = std::nullptr_t>
+			static auto lock_
+			(auto&& atomic, ConditionFunction&& condition_function = nullptr, Duration timeout = nullptr)
+			-> DeepBase_::template LockReturnType_<decltype(atomic), Duration, Nothrow>
+			requires DeepBase_::template LockConstraint_<ConditionFunction, Duration>;
+	};
+}
--- a/local/pkgs/biu/include/biu/atomic/atomic.tpp
+++ b/local/pkgs/biu/include/biu/atomic/atomic.tpp
--- a/local/pkgs/biu/include/biu/atomic/nolog.hpp
+++ b/local/pkgs/biu/include/biu/atomic/nolog.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,267 @@
+# pragma once
+#	include <mutex>
+#	include <optional>
+#	include <condition_variable>
+#	include <cstddef>
+#	include <experimental/memory>
+#	include <biu/common.hpp>
+#	include <biu/concepts.hpp>
+#	include <biu/called_by.hpp>
+
+namespace biu
+{
+	template <DecayedType ValueType, bool UseLogger = true> class Atomic;
+	namespace detail_
+	{
+		template <DecayedType ValueType, bool UseLogger> class AtomicBase;
+		template <DecayedType ValueType> class AtomicBase<ValueType, false>
+		{
+			protected: mutable std::recursive_mutex Mutex_;
+			protected: mutable std::condition_variable_any ConditionVariable_;
+			protected: ValueType Value_;
+
+			AtomicBase() = default;
+			AtomicBase(const ValueType& value);
+			AtomicBase(ValueType&& value);
+
+			public: class TimeoutException : public std::exception
+			{
+				protected: std::string Message_;
+				public: explicit TimeoutException(std::string message);
+				public: const char* what() const noexcept override;
+			};
+
+			// Apply a function to stored value.
+			// Wait for some time (if provided) until condition funciton returns true (if provided)
+			// before applying the function.
+			protected: template
+				<
+					typename Function, typename Atomic,
+					typename ConditionFunction = std::nullptr_t, typename Duration = std::nullptr_t
+				>
+				constexpr static bool ApplyConstraint_ =
+				(
+					(std::invocable<Function, MoveQualifiers<Atomic, ValueType>> && std::is_null_pointer_v<ConditionFunction>)
+          || (
+						InvocableWithResult<ConditionFunction, bool, const ValueType&>
+							&& (std::is_null_pointer_v<Duration> || SpecializationOf<Duration, std::chrono::duration>)
+					)
+				);
+			protected: template
+				<
+					typename Function, typename Atomic, bool ReturnFunctionResult,
+					typename ConditionFunction = std::nullptr_t, typename Duration = std::nullptr_t,
+					bool Nothrow = false
+				> using ApplyReturnType_ = std::conditional_t
+					<
+						Nothrow,
+						std::conditional_t
+						<
+							ReturnFunctionResult && !std::is_void_v<std::invoke_result<Function, ValueType>>,
+							std::optional<std::remove_cvref_t<FallbackIfNoTypeDeclared<std::invoke_result
+								<Function, MoveQualifiers<Atomic, ValueType>, int>>>>,
+							bool
+						>,
+						std::conditional_t
+						<
+							ReturnFunctionResult,
+							std::invoke_result_t<Function, MoveQualifiers<Atomic, ValueType>>,
+							Atomic&&
+						>
+					>;
+			protected: template
+				<
+					bool ReturnFunctionResult,
+					typename ConditionFunction = std::nullptr_t, typename Duration = std::nullptr_t,
+					bool Nothrow = false
+				> static auto apply_
+				(
+					auto&& atomic, auto&& function,
+					ConditionFunction&& condition_function = nullptr, Duration timeout = nullptr
+				) -> ApplyReturnType_
+					<decltype(function), decltype(atomic), ReturnFunctionResult, ConditionFunction, Duration, Nothrow>
+					requires ApplyConstraint_<decltype(function), decltype(atomic), ConditionFunction, Duration>;
+
+			// Wait until condition funciton returns true, with an optional timeout
+			protected: template <typename ConditionFunction, typename Duration = std::nullptr_t>
+				constexpr static bool WaitConstraint_
+				= (InvocableWithResult<ConditionFunction, bool, const ValueType&>
+					&& (std::is_null_pointer_v<Duration> || SpecializationOf<Duration, std::chrono::duration>));
+			protected: template
+				<typename Atomic, typename ConditionFunction, typename Duration = std::nullptr_t, bool Nothrow = false>
+				using WaitReturnType_
+				= std::conditional_t<Nothrow && !std::is_null_pointer_v<Duration>, bool, Atomic&&>;
+			protected: template <bool Nothrow = false, typename Duration = std::nullptr_t> static auto wait_
+				(auto&& atomic, auto&& condition_function, Duration timeout = nullptr)
+				-> WaitReturnType_<decltype(atomic), decltype(condition_function), Duration, Nothrow>
+				requires WaitConstraint_<decltype(condition_function), Duration>;
+
+			protected: template <typename ConditionFunction = std::nullptr_t, typename Duration = std::nullptr_t>
+				constexpr static bool LockConstraint_
+				= std::is_null_pointer_v<ConditionFunction> ||
+					(
+						InvocableWithResult<ConditionFunction, bool, const ValueType&>
+							&& (std::is_null_pointer_v<Duration> || SpecializationOf<Duration, std::chrono::duration>)
+					);
+			protected: template <typename Atomic, typename Duration = std::nullptr_t, bool Nothrow = false>
+				using LockReturnType_
+				= std::conditional_t
+					<
+						Nothrow && !std::is_null_pointer_v<Duration>,
+						std::optional<std::conditional_t
+						<
+							std::is_const_v<Atomic>,
+							typename std::remove_reference_t<Atomic>::template Guard<true>,
+							typename std::remove_reference_t<Atomic>::template Guard<false>
+						>>,
+						std::conditional_t
+						<
+							std::is_const_v<Atomic>,
+							typename std::remove_reference_t<Atomic>::template Guard<true>,
+							typename std::remove_reference_t<Atomic>::template Guard<false>
+						>
+					>;
+			protected: template
+				<bool Nothrow = false, typename ConditionFunction = std::nullptr_t, typename Duration = std::nullptr_t>
+				static auto lock_
+				(auto&& atomic, ConditionFunction&& condition_function = nullptr, Duration timeout = nullptr)
+				-> LockReturnType_<decltype(atomic), Duration, Nothrow>
+				requires LockConstraint_<ConditionFunction, Duration>;
+		};
+	}
+
+	// Thread safe wrapper of custom class
+	template <DecayedType ValueType, bool UseLogger> class Atomic : public detail_::AtomicBase<ValueType, UseLogger>
+	{
+		public: Atomic() = default;
+		public: Atomic(const ValueType& value);
+		public: Atomic(ValueType&& value);
+		public: template <bool OtherUseLogger> Atomic(const Atomic<ValueType, OtherUseLogger>& other);
+		public: template <bool OtherUseLogger> Atomic(Atomic<ValueType, OtherUseLogger>&& other);
+		public: Atomic<ValueType, UseLogger>& operator=(const ValueType& value);
+		public: Atomic<ValueType, UseLogger>& operator=(ValueType&& value);
+		public: template <bool OtherUseLogger>
+			Atomic<ValueType, UseLogger>& operator=(const Atomic<ValueType, OtherUseLogger>& other);
+		public: template <bool OtherUseLogger>
+			Atomic<ValueType, UseLogger>& operator=(Atomic<ValueType, OtherUseLogger>&& other);
+		public: ValueType get() const&;
+		public: ValueType get() &&;
+		public: operator ValueType() const&;
+		public: operator ValueType() &&;
+
+		protected: using DeepBase_ = detail_::AtomicBase<ValueType, false>;
+
+		public: template <bool ReturnFunctionResult = false> auto apply(auto&& function) const&
+			-> DeepBase_::template ApplyReturnType_<decltype(function), decltype(*this), ReturnFunctionResult>
+			requires DeepBase_::template ApplyConstraint_<decltype(function), decltype(*this)>;
+		public: template <bool ReturnFunctionResult = false> auto apply(auto&& function) &
+			-> DeepBase_::template ApplyReturnType_<decltype(function), decltype(*this), ReturnFunctionResult>
+			requires DeepBase_::template ApplyConstraint_<decltype(function), decltype(*this)>;
+		public: template <bool ReturnFunctionResult = false> auto apply(auto&& function) &&
+			-> DeepBase_::template ApplyReturnType_<decltype(function), decltype(*this), ReturnFunctionResult>
+			requires DeepBase_::template ApplyConstraint_<decltype(function), decltype(*this)>;
+		public: template <bool ReturnFunctionResult = false>
+			auto apply(auto&& function, auto&& condition_function) const&
+			-> DeepBase_::template ApplyReturnType_
+				<decltype(function), decltype(*this), ReturnFunctionResult, decltype(condition_function)>
+			requires DeepBase_::template ApplyConstraint_
+				<decltype(function), decltype(*this), decltype(condition_function)>;
+		public: template <bool ReturnFunctionResult = false> auto apply(auto&& function, auto&& condition_function) &
+			-> DeepBase_::template ApplyReturnType_
+				<decltype(function), decltype(*this), ReturnFunctionResult, decltype(condition_function)>
+			requires DeepBase_::template ApplyConstraint_
+				<decltype(function), decltype(*this), decltype(condition_function)>;
+		public: template <bool ReturnFunctionResult = false> auto apply(auto&& function, auto&& condition_function) &&
+			-> DeepBase_::template ApplyReturnType_
+				<decltype(function), decltype(*this), ReturnFunctionResult, decltype(condition_function)>
+			requires DeepBase_::template ApplyConstraint_
+				<decltype(function), decltype(*this), decltype(condition_function)>;
+		public: template <bool ReturnFunctionResult = false, bool Nothrow = false>
+			auto apply(auto&& function, auto&& condition_function, auto timeout) const&
+			-> DeepBase_::template ApplyReturnType_
+			<
+				decltype(function), decltype(*this), ReturnFunctionResult,
+				decltype(condition_function), decltype(timeout), Nothrow
+			> requires DeepBase_::template ApplyConstraint_
+				<decltype(function), decltype(*this), decltype(condition_function), decltype(timeout)>;
+		public: template <bool ReturnFunctionResult = false, bool Nothrow = false>
+			auto apply(auto&& function, auto&& condition_function, auto timeout) &
+			-> DeepBase_::template ApplyReturnType_
+			<
+				decltype(function), decltype(*this), ReturnFunctionResult,
+				decltype(condition_function), decltype(timeout), Nothrow
+			> requires DeepBase_::template ApplyConstraint_
+				<decltype(function), decltype(*this), decltype(condition_function), decltype(timeout)>;
+		public: template <bool ReturnFunctionResult = false, bool Nothrow = false>
+			auto apply(auto&& function, auto&& condition_function, auto timeout) &&
+			-> DeepBase_::template ApplyReturnType_
+			<
+				decltype(function), decltype(*this), ReturnFunctionResult,
+				decltype(condition_function), decltype(timeout), Nothrow
+			> requires DeepBase_::template ApplyConstraint_
+				<decltype(function), decltype(*this), decltype(condition_function), decltype(timeout)>;
+
+		public: auto wait(auto&& condition_function) const&
+			-> DeepBase_::template WaitReturnType_<decltype(*this), decltype(condition_function)>
+			requires DeepBase_::template WaitConstraint_<decltype(condition_function)>;
+		public: auto wait(auto&& condition_function) &
+			-> DeepBase_::template WaitReturnType_<decltype(*this), decltype(condition_function)>
+			requires DeepBase_::template WaitConstraint_<decltype(condition_function)>;
+		public: auto wait(auto&& condition_function) &&
+			-> DeepBase_::template WaitReturnType_<decltype(*this), decltype(condition_function)>
+			requires DeepBase_::template WaitConstraint_<decltype(condition_function)>;
+		public: template <bool Nothrow = false> auto wait(auto&& condition_function, auto timeout) const&
+			-> DeepBase_::template WaitReturnType_
+				<decltype(*this), decltype(condition_function), decltype(timeout), Nothrow>
+			requires DeepBase_::template WaitConstraint_<decltype(condition_function), decltype(timeout)>;
+		public: template <bool Nothrow = false> auto wait(auto&& condition_function, auto timeout) &
+			-> DeepBase_::template WaitReturnType_
+				<decltype(*this), decltype(condition_function), decltype(timeout), Nothrow>
+			requires DeepBase_::template WaitConstraint_<decltype(condition_function), decltype(timeout)>;
+		public: template <bool Nothrow = false> auto wait(auto&& condition_function, auto timeout) &&
+			-> DeepBase_::template WaitReturnType_
+				<decltype(*this), decltype(condition_function), decltype(timeout), Nothrow>
+			requires DeepBase_::template WaitConstraint_<decltype(condition_function), decltype(timeout)>;
+
+		// Attain lock from outside when constructing, and release when destructing.
+		// For non-const variant, When destructing, ConditionVariable_.notify_all() is called.
+		public: template <bool Const> class Guard
+		{
+			protected: std::unique_lock<std::recursive_mutex> Lock_;
+			protected: std::experimental::observer_ptr
+				<std::conditional_t<Const, const Atomic<ValueType, UseLogger>, Atomic<ValueType, UseLogger>>> Value_;
+
+			public: template <bool OtherConst> Guard(const Guard<OtherConst>& other) requires (Const || !OtherConst);
+			public: Guard
+				(decltype(Lock_)&& lock, decltype(Value_) value, CalledBy<detail_::AtomicBase<ValueType, UseLogger>>);
+			public: ~Guard();
+
+			public: std::conditional_t<Const, const ValueType&, ValueType&> operator*() const&;
+			public: std::conditional_t<Const, const ValueType*, ValueType*> operator->() const&;
+			public: std::conditional_t<Const, const ValueType&, ValueType&> value() const&;
+			public: auto operator*() const&& = delete;
+			public: auto operator->() const&& = delete;
+			public: auto value() const&& = delete;
+		};
+
+		public: auto lock() const& -> DeepBase_::template LockReturnType_<decltype(*this)>
+			requires DeepBase_::template LockConstraint_<>;
+		public: auto lock() & -> DeepBase_::template LockReturnType_<decltype(*this)>
+			requires DeepBase_::template LockConstraint_<>;
+		public: auto lock() const&& = delete;
+		public: auto lock(auto&& condition_function) const&
+			-> DeepBase_::template LockReturnType_<decltype(*this), decltype(condition_function)>
+			requires DeepBase_::template LockConstraint_<decltype(condition_function)>;
+		public: auto lock(auto&& condition_function) &
+			-> DeepBase_::template LockReturnType_<decltype(*this), decltype(condition_function)>
+			requires DeepBase_::template LockConstraint_<decltype(condition_function)>;
+		public: auto lock(auto&& condition_function) const&& = delete;
+		public: template <bool Nothrow = false> auto lock(auto&& condition_function, auto timeout) const&
+			-> DeepBase_::template LockReturnType_<decltype(*this), decltype(timeout), Nothrow>
+			requires DeepBase_::template LockConstraint_<decltype(condition_function), decltype(timeout)>;
+		public: template <bool Nothrow = false> auto lock(auto&& condition_function, auto timeout) &
+			-> DeepBase_::template LockReturnType_<decltype(*this), decltype(timeout), Nothrow>
+			requires DeepBase_::template LockConstraint_<decltype(condition_function), decltype(timeout)>;
+		public: template <bool Nothrow = false> auto lock(auto&& condition_function, auto timeout) const&& = delete;
+	};
+}
--- a/local/pkgs/biu/include/biu/atomic/nolog.tpp
+++ b/local/pkgs/biu/include/biu/atomic/nolog.tpp
@@ -0,0 +1,366 @@
+# pragma once
+# include <biu/atomic/nolog.hpp>
+
+namespace biu
+{
+	template <DecayedType ValueType> detail_::AtomicBase<ValueType, false>::AtomicBase(const ValueType& value)
+		: Value_{value} {}
+	template <DecayedType ValueType> detail_::AtomicBase<ValueType, false>::AtomicBase(ValueType&& value)
+		: Value_{std::move(value)} {}
+
+	template <DecayedType ValueType>
+		detail_::AtomicBase<ValueType, false>::TimeoutException::TimeoutException(std::string)
+		: Message_{"TimeoutException"} {}
+	template <DecayedType ValueType>
+		const char* detail_::AtomicBase<ValueType, false>::TimeoutException::what() const noexcept
+		{return Message_.c_str();}
+
+	template <DecayedType ValueType>
+		template <bool ReturnFunctionResult, typename ConditionFunction, typename Duration, bool Nothrow>
+		auto detail_::AtomicBase<ValueType, false>::apply_
+			(auto&& atomic, auto&& function, ConditionFunction&& condition_function, Duration timeout)
+		-> ApplyReturnType_
+			<decltype(function), decltype(atomic), ReturnFunctionResult, ConditionFunction, Duration, Nothrow>
+		requires ApplyConstraint_<decltype(function), decltype(atomic), ConditionFunction, Duration>
+	{
+		std::unique_lock lock{atomic.Mutex_};
+
+		// try to meet the condition
+		if constexpr (!std::is_null_pointer_v<ConditionFunction>)
+		{
+			if constexpr (std::is_null_pointer_v<Duration>)
+				atomic.ConditionVariable_.wait(lock, [&]
+					{return std::forward<ConditionFunction>(condition_function)(std::as_const(atomic.Value_));});
+			else if (!atomic.ConditionVariable_.wait_for(lock, timeout, [&]
+				{return std::forward<ConditionFunction>(condition_function)(std::as_const(atomic.Value_));}))
+			{
+				if constexpr (Nothrow)
+				{
+					if constexpr
+						(ReturnFunctionResult && !std::is_void_v<std::invoke_result_t<decltype(function), ValueType>>)
+						return std::nullopt;
+					else return false;
+				}
+				else throw TimeoutException{};
+			}
+		}
+
+		// apply the function and return
+		if constexpr (ReturnFunctionResult && !std::is_void_v<std::invoke_result_t<decltype(function), ValueType>>)
+		{
+			auto&& result = std::forward<decltype(function)>(function)
+				(static_cast<MoveQualifiers<decltype(atomic), ValueType>&&>(atomic.Value_));
+			if constexpr (!std::is_const_v<decltype(atomic)>) atomic.ConditionVariable_.notify_all();
+			return std::forward<decltype(result)>(result);
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			std::forward<decltype(function)>(function)
+				(static_cast<MoveQualifiers<decltype(atomic), ValueType>&&>(atomic.Value_));
+			if constexpr (!std::is_const_v<decltype(atomic)>) atomic.ConditionVariable_.notify_all();
+			if constexpr (ReturnFunctionResult && std::is_void_v<std::invoke_result_t<decltype(function), ValueType>>)
+				return;
+			else return std::forward<decltype(atomic)>(atomic);
+		}
+	}
+
+	template <DecayedType ValueType> template <bool Nothrow, typename Duration>
+		auto detail_::AtomicBase<ValueType, false>::wait_(auto&& atomic, auto&& condition_function, Duration timeout)
+		-> WaitReturnType_<decltype(atomic), decltype(condition_function), Duration, Nothrow>
+		requires WaitConstraint_<decltype(condition_function), Duration>
+	{
+		std::unique_lock lock{atomic.Mutex_};
+
+		if constexpr (std::is_null_pointer_v<Duration>)
+		{
+			atomic.ConditionVariable_.wait(lock, [&]
+				{return std::forward<decltype(condition_function)>(condition_function)(std::as_const(atomic.Value_));});
+			return std::forward<decltype(atomic)>(atomic);
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			if (!atomic.ConditionVariable_.wait_for(lock, timeout, [&]
+				{return std::forward<decltype(condition_function)>(condition_function)(std::as_const(atomic.Value_));}))
+			{
+				if constexpr (Nothrow) return false;
+				else throw TimeoutException{};
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				if constexpr (Nothrow) return true;
+				else return std::forward<decltype(atomic)>(atomic);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	template <DecayedType ValueType> template <bool Nothrow, typename ConditionFunction, typename Duration>
+		auto detail_::AtomicBase<ValueType, false>::lock_
+		(auto&& atomic, ConditionFunction&& condition_function, Duration timeout)
+		-> LockReturnType_<decltype(atomic), Duration, Nothrow> requires LockConstraint_<ConditionFunction, Duration>
+	{
+		if constexpr (std::is_null_pointer_v<ConditionFunction>)
+			return {std::unique_lock{atomic.Mutex_}, std::experimental::make_observer(&atomic), {}};
+		else if constexpr (std::is_null_pointer_v<Duration>)
+		{
+			std::unique_lock lock{atomic.Mutex_};
+			atomic.ConditionVariable_.wait(lock, [&]
+				{return std::forward<ConditionFunction>(condition_function)(std::as_const(atomic.Value_));});
+			return {std::move(lock), std::experimental::make_observer(&atomic), {}};
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			std::unique_lock lock{atomic.Mutex_};
+			if (!atomic.ConditionVariable_.wait_for(lock, timeout, [&]
+				{return std::forward<ConditionFunction>(condition_function)(std::as_const(atomic.Value_));}))
+			{
+				if constexpr (Nothrow) return std::nullopt;
+				else throw TimeoutException{};
+			}
+			else
+				return {{std::move(lock), std::experimental::make_observer(&atomic), {}}};
+		}
+	}
+
+	template <DecayedType ValueType, bool UseLogger> Atomic<ValueType, UseLogger>::Atomic(const ValueType& value)
+		: detail_::AtomicBase<ValueType, UseLogger>{value} {}
+	template <DecayedType ValueType, bool UseLogger> Atomic<ValueType, UseLogger>::Atomic(ValueType&& value)
+		: detail_::AtomicBase<ValueType, UseLogger>{std::move(value)} {}
+	template <DecayedType ValueType, bool UseLogger> template <bool OtherUseLogger>
+		Atomic<ValueType, UseLogger>::Atomic(const Atomic<ValueType, OtherUseLogger>& other)
+		: detail_::AtomicBase<ValueType, UseLogger>{other} {}
+	template <DecayedType ValueType, bool UseLogger> template <bool OtherUseLogger>
+		Atomic<ValueType, UseLogger>::Atomic(Atomic<ValueType, OtherUseLogger>&& other)
+		: detail_::AtomicBase<ValueType, UseLogger>{std::move(other)} {}
+	template <DecayedType ValueType, bool UseLogger>
+		Atomic<ValueType, UseLogger>& Atomic<ValueType, UseLogger>::operator=(const ValueType& value)
+	{
+		std::scoped_lock lock{DeepBase_::Mutex_};
+		DeepBase_::Value_ = value;
+		DeepBase_::ConditionVariable_.notify_all();
+		return *this;
+	}
+	template <DecayedType ValueType, bool UseLogger>
+		Atomic<ValueType, UseLogger>& Atomic<ValueType, UseLogger>::operator=(ValueType&& value)
+	{
+		std::scoped_lock lock{DeepBase_::Mutex_};
+		DeepBase_::Value_ = std::move(value);
+		DeepBase_::ConditionVariable_.notify_all();
+		return *this;
+	}
+	template <DecayedType ValueType, bool UseLogger> template <bool OtherUseLogger>
+		Atomic<ValueType, UseLogger>& operator=(const Atomic<ValueType, OtherUseLogger>& other)
+	{
+		std::scoped_lock lock{DeepBase_::Mutex_};
+		DeepBase_::Value_ = value;
+		DeepBase_::ConditionVariable_.notify_all();
+		return *this;
+	}
+	template <DecayedType ValueType, bool UseLogger> template <bool OtherUseLogger>
+		Atomic<ValueType, UseLogger>& operator=(Atomic<ValueType, OtherUseLogger>&& other)
+	{
+		std::scoped_lock lock{DeepBase_::Mutex_};
+		DeepBase_::Value_ = std::move(value);
+		DeepBase_::ConditionVariable_.notify_all();
+		return *this;
+	}
+	template <DecayedType ValueType, bool UseLogger> ValueType Atomic<ValueType, UseLogger>::get() const&
+	{
+		std::scoped_lock lock{DeepBase_::Mutex_};
+		return DeepBase_::Value_;
+	}
+	template <DecayedType ValueType, bool UseLogger> ValueType Atomic<ValueType, UseLogger>::get() &&
+	{
+		std::scoped_lock lock{DeepBase_::Mutex_};
+		return std::move(DeepBase_::Value_);
+	}
+	template <DecayedType ValueType, bool UseLogger> Atomic<ValueType, UseLogger>::operator ValueType() const&
+		{return get();}
+	template <DecayedType ValueType, bool UseLogger> Atomic<ValueType, UseLogger>::operator ValueType() &&
+		{return std::move(*this).get();}
+
+	template <DecayedType ValueType, bool UseLogger> template <bool ReturnFunctionResult>
+		auto Atomic<ValueType, UseLogger>::apply(auto&& function) const&
+		-> DeepBase_::template ApplyReturnType_<decltype(function), decltype(*this), ReturnFunctionResult>
+		requires DeepBase_::template ApplyConstraint_<decltype(function), decltype(*this)>
+		{return apply_<ReturnFunctionResult>(*this, std::forward<decltype(function)>(function));}
+	template <DecayedType ValueType, bool UseLogger> template <bool ReturnFunctionResult>
+		auto Atomic<ValueType, UseLogger>::apply(auto&& function) &
+		-> DeepBase_::template ApplyReturnType_<decltype(function), decltype(*this), ReturnFunctionResult>
+		requires DeepBase_::template ApplyConstraint_<decltype(function), decltype(*this)>
+		{return apply_<ReturnFunctionResult>(*this, std::forward<decltype(function)>(function));}
+	template <DecayedType ValueType, bool UseLogger> template <bool ReturnFunctionResult>
+		auto Atomic<ValueType, UseLogger>::apply(auto&& function) &&
+		-> DeepBase_::template ApplyReturnType_<decltype(function), decltype(*this), ReturnFunctionResult>
+		requires DeepBase_::template ApplyConstraint_<decltype(function), decltype(*this)>
+		{return apply_<ReturnFunctionResult>(std::move(*this), std::forward<decltype(function)>(function));}
+	template <DecayedType ValueType, bool UseLogger> template <bool ReturnFunctionResult>
+		auto Atomic<ValueType, UseLogger>::apply(auto&& function, auto&& condition_function) const&
+		-> DeepBase_::template ApplyReturnType_
+			<decltype(function), decltype(*this), ReturnFunctionResult, decltype(condition_function)>
+		requires DeepBase_::template ApplyConstraint_<decltype(function), decltype(*this), decltype(condition_function)>
+	{
+		return apply_<ReturnFunctionResult>
+		(
+			*this, std::forward<decltype(function)>(function),
+			std::forward<decltype(condition_function)>(condition_function)
+		);
+	}
+	template <DecayedType ValueType, bool UseLogger> template <bool ReturnFunctionResult>
+		auto Atomic<ValueType, UseLogger>::apply(auto&& function, auto&& condition_function) &
+		-> DeepBase_::template ApplyReturnType_
+			<decltype(function), decltype(*this), ReturnFunctionResult, decltype(condition_function)>
+		requires DeepBase_::template ApplyConstraint_<decltype(function), decltype(*this), decltype(condition_function)>
+	{
+		return apply_<ReturnFunctionResult>
+		(
+			*this, std::forward<decltype(function)>(function),
+			std::forward<decltype(condition_function)>(condition_function)
+		);
+	}
+	template <DecayedType ValueType, bool UseLogger> template <bool ReturnFunctionResult>
+		auto Atomic<ValueType, UseLogger>::apply(auto&& function, auto&& condition_function) &&
+		-> DeepBase_::template ApplyReturnType_
+			<decltype(function), decltype(*this), ReturnFunctionResult, decltype(condition_function)>
+		requires DeepBase_::template ApplyConstraint_<decltype(function), decltype(*this), decltype(condition_function)>
+	{
+		return apply_<ReturnFunctionResult>
+		(
+			std::move(*this), std::forward<decltype(function)>(function),
+			std::forward<decltype(condition_function)>(condition_function)
+		);
+	}
+	template <DecayedType ValueType, bool UseLogger> template <bool ReturnFunctionResult, bool Nothrow>
+		auto Atomic<ValueType, UseLogger>::apply(auto&& function, auto&& condition_function, auto timeout) const&
+		-> DeepBase_::template ApplyReturnType_
+		<
+			decltype(function), decltype(*this), ReturnFunctionResult,
+			decltype(condition_function), decltype(timeout), Nothrow
+		> requires DeepBase_::template ApplyConstraint_
+			<decltype(function), decltype(*this), decltype(condition_function), decltype(timeout)>
+	{
+		return apply_<ReturnFunctionResult, Nothrow>
+		(
+			*this, std::forward<decltype(function)>(function),
+			std::forward<decltype(condition_function)>(condition_function), timeout
+		);
+	}
+	template <DecayedType ValueType, bool UseLogger> template <bool ReturnFunctionResult, bool Nothrow>
+		auto Atomic<ValueType, UseLogger>::apply(auto&& function, auto&& condition_function, auto timeout) &
+		-> DeepBase_::template ApplyReturnType_
+		<
+			decltype(function), decltype(*this), ReturnFunctionResult,
+			decltype(condition_function), decltype(timeout), Nothrow
+		> requires DeepBase_::template ApplyConstraint_
+			<decltype(function), decltype(*this), decltype(condition_function), decltype(timeout)>
+	{
+		return apply_<ReturnFunctionResult, Nothrow>
+		(
+			*this, std::forward<decltype(function)>(function),
+			std::forward<decltype(condition_function)>(condition_function), timeout
+		);
+	}
+	template <DecayedType ValueType, bool UseLogger> template <bool ReturnFunctionResult, bool Nothrow>
+		auto Atomic<ValueType, UseLogger>::apply(auto&& function, auto&& condition_function, auto timeout) &&
+		-> DeepBase_::template ApplyReturnType_
+		<
+			decltype(function), decltype(*this), ReturnFunctionResult,
+			decltype(condition_function), decltype(timeout), Nothrow
+		> requires DeepBase_::template ApplyConstraint_
+			<decltype(function), decltype(*this), decltype(condition_function), decltype(timeout)>
+	{
+		return apply_<ReturnFunctionResult, Nothrow>
+		(
+			std::move(*this), std::forward<decltype(function)>(function),
+			std::forward<decltype(condition_function)>(condition_function), timeout
+		);
+	}
+
+	template <DecayedType ValueType, bool UseLogger>
+		auto Atomic<ValueType, UseLogger>::wait(auto&& condition_function) const&
+		-> DeepBase_::template WaitReturnType_<decltype(*this), decltype(condition_function)>
+		requires DeepBase_::template WaitConstraint_<decltype(condition_function)>
+		{return wait_(*this, std::forward<decltype(condition_function)>(condition_function));}
+	template <DecayedType ValueType, bool UseLogger>
+		auto Atomic<ValueType, UseLogger>::wait(auto&& condition_function) &
+		-> DeepBase_::template WaitReturnType_<decltype(*this), decltype(condition_function)>
+		requires DeepBase_::template WaitConstraint_<decltype(condition_function)>
+		{return wait_(*this, std::forward<decltype(condition_function)>(condition_function));}
+	template <DecayedType ValueType, bool UseLogger>
+		auto Atomic<ValueType, UseLogger>::wait(auto&& condition_function) &&
+		-> DeepBase_::template WaitReturnType_<decltype(*this), decltype(condition_function)>
+		requires DeepBase_::template WaitConstraint_<decltype(condition_function)>
+		{return wait_(std::move(*this), std::forward<decltype(condition_function)>(condition_function));}
+	template <DecayedType ValueType, bool UseLogger> template <bool Nothrow>
+		auto Atomic<ValueType, UseLogger>::wait(auto&& condition_function, auto timeout) const&
+		-> DeepBase_::template WaitReturnType_
+			<decltype(*this), decltype(condition_function), decltype(timeout), Nothrow>
+		requires DeepBase_::template WaitConstraint_<decltype(condition_function), decltype(timeout)>
+		{return wait_<Nothrow>(*this, std::forward<decltype(condition_function)>(condition_function), timeout);}
+	template <DecayedType ValueType, bool UseLogger> template <bool Nothrow>
+		auto Atomic<ValueType, UseLogger>::wait(auto&& condition_function, auto timeout) &
+		-> DeepBase_::template WaitReturnType_
+			<decltype(*this), decltype(condition_function), decltype(timeout), Nothrow>
+		requires DeepBase_::template WaitConstraint_<decltype(condition_function), decltype(timeout)>
+		{return wait_<Nothrow>(*this, std::forward<decltype(condition_function)>(condition_function), timeout);}
+	template <DecayedType ValueType, bool UseLogger> template <bool Nothrow>
+		auto Atomic<ValueType, UseLogger>::wait(auto&& condition_function, auto timeout) &&
+		-> DeepBase_::template WaitReturnType_
+			<decltype(*this), decltype(condition_function), decltype(timeout), Nothrow>
+		requires DeepBase_::template WaitConstraint_<decltype(condition_function), decltype(timeout)>
+	{
+		return wait_<Nothrow>
+			(std::move(*this), std::forward<decltype(condition_function)>(condition_function), timeout);
+	}
+
+	template <DecayedType ValueType, bool UseLogger> template <bool Const> template <bool OtherConst>
+		Atomic<ValueType, UseLogger>::Guard<Const>::Guard(const Guard<OtherConst>& other)
+		requires (Const || !OtherConst)
+		: Lock_{other.Lock_}, Value_{other.Value_} {}
+	template <DecayedType ValueType, bool UseLogger> template <bool Const>
+		Atomic<ValueType, UseLogger>::Guard<Const>::Guard
+		(decltype(Lock_)&& lock, decltype(Value_) value, CalledBy<detail_::AtomicBase<ValueType, UseLogger>>)
+		: Lock_{std::move(lock)}, Value_{value} {}
+	template <DecayedType ValueType, bool UseLogger> template <bool Const>
+		Atomic<ValueType, UseLogger>::Guard<Const>::~Guard()
+		{Value_->ConditionVariable_.notify_all();}
+
+	template <DecayedType ValueType, bool UseLogger> template <bool Const>
+		std::conditional_t<Const, const ValueType&, ValueType&>
+		Atomic<ValueType, UseLogger>::Guard<Const>::operator*() const&
+		{return Value_->Value_;}
+	template <DecayedType ValueType, bool UseLogger> template <bool Const>
+		std::conditional_t<Const, const ValueType*, ValueType*>
+		Atomic<ValueType, UseLogger>::Guard<Const>::operator->() const&
+		{return &Value_->Value_;}
+	template <DecayedType ValueType, bool UseLogger> template <bool Const>
+		std::conditional_t<Const, const ValueType&, ValueType&>
+		Atomic<ValueType, UseLogger>::Guard<Const>::value() const&
+		{return Value_->Value_;}
+
+	template <DecayedType ValueType, bool UseLogger> auto Atomic<ValueType, UseLogger>::lock() const&
+		-> DeepBase_::template LockReturnType_<decltype(*this)> requires DeepBase_::template LockConstraint_<>
+		{return lock_(*this);}
+	template <DecayedType ValueType, bool UseLogger> auto Atomic<ValueType, UseLogger>::lock() &
+		-> DeepBase_::template LockReturnType_<decltype(*this)> requires DeepBase_::template LockConstraint_<>
+		{return lock_(*this);}
+	template <DecayedType ValueType, bool UseLogger>
+		auto Atomic<ValueType, UseLogger>::lock(auto&& condition_function) const&
+		-> DeepBase_::template LockReturnType_<decltype(*this), decltype(condition_function)>
+		requires DeepBase_::template LockConstraint_<decltype(condition_function)>
+		{return lock_(*this, condition_function);}
+	template <DecayedType ValueType, bool UseLogger>
+		auto Atomic<ValueType, UseLogger>::lock(auto&& condition_function) &
+		-> DeepBase_::template LockReturnType_<decltype(*this), decltype(condition_function)>
+		requires DeepBase_::template LockConstraint_<decltype(condition_function)>
+		{return lock_(*this, condition_function);}
+	template <DecayedType ValueType, bool UseLogger> template <bool Nothrow>
+		auto Atomic<ValueType, UseLogger>::lock(auto&& condition_function, auto timeout) const&
+		-> DeepBase_::template LockReturnType_<decltype(*this), decltype(timeout), Nothrow>
+		requires DeepBase_::template LockConstraint_<decltype(condition_function), decltype(timeout)>
+		{return lock_<Nothrow>(*this, condition_function, timeout);}
+	template <DecayedType ValueType, bool UseLogger> template <bool Nothrow>
+		auto Atomic<ValueType, UseLogger>::lock(auto&& condition_function, auto timeout) &
+		-> DeepBase_::template LockReturnType_<decltype(*this), decltype(timeout), Nothrow>
+		requires DeepBase_::template LockConstraint_<decltype(condition_function), decltype(timeout)>
+		{return lock_<Nothrow>(*this, condition_function, timeout);}
+}
--- a/local/pkgs/biu/include/biu/called_by.hpp
+++ b/local/pkgs/biu/include/biu/called_by.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+# pragma once
+
+namespace biu
+{
+	template <typename AllowedType> class CalledBy
+	{
+		protected: CalledBy() = default;
+		friend AllowedType;
+	};
+}
--- a/local/pkgs/biu/include/biu/common.hpp
+++ b/local/pkgs/biu/include/biu/common.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+# pragma once
+# include <regex>
+# include <fmt/format.h>
+# include <magic_enum.hpp>
+
+namespace biu
+{
+	std::size_t hash(auto&&... objs);
+	[[gnu::always_inline]] void unused(auto&&...);
+
+	using uint128_t = __uint128_t;
+
+	inline namespace literals
+	{
+		using namespace std::literals;
+		using namespace fmt::literals;
+		std::regex operator""_re(const char* str, std::size_t len);
+	}
+
+	inline namespace stream_operators { using namespace magic_enum::iostream_operators; }
+
+	struct CaseInsensitiveStringLessComparator
+	{
+		template <typename String> constexpr bool operator()(const String& s1, const String& s2) const;
+	};
+
+	namespace detail_
+	{
+		template <typename T> struct RemoveMemberPointerHelper { using Type = T; };
+		template <typename Class, typename Member> struct RemoveMemberPointerHelper<Member Class::*>
+			{ using Type = Member; };
+	}
+	template <typename MemberPointer> using RemoveMemberPointer
+		= typename detail_::RemoveMemberPointerHelper<MemberPointer>::Type;
+
+	[[noreturn]] void block_forever();
+
+	namespace detail_
+	{
+		template <typename From, typename To> struct MoveQualifiersHelper
+		{
+			protected: static constexpr bool Const_ = std::is_const_v<From>;
+			protected: static constexpr bool Volatile_ = std::is_volatile_v<From>;
+			protected: static constexpr bool Reference_ = std::is_reference_v<From>;
+			protected: static constexpr bool Lvalue_ = std::is_lvalue_reference_v<From>;
+			protected: using NoCvrefType_ = std::remove_cvref_t<To>;
+			protected: using NoCvType_
+				= std::conditional_t<Reference_, std::conditional_t<Lvalue_, NoCvrefType_&, NoCvrefType_&&>, NoCvrefType_>;
+			protected: using NoConstType_ = std::conditional_t<Volatile_, volatile NoCvType_, NoCvType_>;
+			public: using Type = std::conditional_t<Const_, const NoConstType_, NoConstType_>;
+		};
+	}
+	template <typename From, typename To> using MoveQualifiers
+		= typename detail_::MoveQualifiersHelper<From, To>::Type;
+
+	namespace detail_
+	{
+		template <typename T, typename Fallback = void> struct FallbackIfNoTypeDeclaredHelper { using Type = Fallback; };
+		template <typename T, typename Fallback> requires requires { typename T::Type; }
+			struct FallbackIfNoTypeDeclaredHelper<T, Fallback> { using Type = typename T::Type; };
+		template <typename T, typename Fallback> requires requires {typename T::type;}
+			struct FallbackIfNoTypeDeclaredHelper<T, Fallback> { using Type = typename T::type; };
+	}
+	template <typename T, typename Fallback = void> using FallbackIfNoTypeDeclared
+		= typename detail_::FallbackIfNoTypeDeclaredHelper<T, Fallback>::Type;
+}
--- a/local/pkgs/biu/include/biu/common.tpp
+++ b/local/pkgs/biu/include/biu/common.tpp
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+# pragma once
+# include <boost/functional/hash.hpp>
+# include <biu/common.hpp>
+
+namespace biu
+{
+	inline void unused(auto&&...) {}
+	inline std::size_t hash(auto&&... objs)
+	{
+		std::size_t result = 0;
+		(boost::hash_combine(result, objs), ...);
+		return result;
+	}
+
+	template <typename String> inline constexpr bool CaseInsensitiveStringLessComparator::operator()
+		(const String& s1, const String& s2) const
+	{
+		return std::lexicographical_compare
+		(
+			s1.begin(), s1.end(), s2.begin(), s2.end(),
+			[](char c1, char c2){return std::tolower(c1) < std::tolower(c2);}
+		);
+	}
+}
--- a/local/pkgs/biu/include/biu/concepts.hpp
+++ b/local/pkgs/biu/include/biu/concepts.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+# pragma once
+# include <concepts>
+# include <tuple>
+# include <type_traits>
+# include <complex>
+
+namespace biu
+{
+	template <typename T> concept DecayedType = std::same_as<std::decay_t<T>, T>;
+
+	namespace detail_::specialization_of_detail_
+	{
+		template <typename Tuple> struct DropFirstMemberOfTupleHelper;
+		template <typename First, typename... Others> struct DropFirstMemberOfTupleHelper<std::tuple<First, Others...>>
+			{using Type = std::tuple<Others...>;};
+		template <typename ProvidedArgs, typename ActualArgs> consteval bool check_provided_args();
+		template <typename Class, template <typename...> typename Template> struct SpecializationOfHelper
+			{template <typename... ProvidedArgs> consteval static bool check_provided_args();};
+		template <template <typename...> typename Template, typename... ActualArgs>
+			struct SpecializationOfHelper<Template<ActualArgs...>, Template>
+			{template <typename... ProvidedArgs> consteval static bool check_provided_args();};
+	}
+	template <typename Class, template <typename...> typename Template, typename... ProvidedArgs>
+		concept SpecializationOf
+		= detail_::specialization_of_detail_::SpecializationOfHelper<std::decay_t<Class>, Template>
+			::template check_provided_args<ProvidedArgs...>();
+
+	template <typename T> concept CompletedType = sizeof(T) == sizeof(T);
+
+	template <typename From, typename To> concept ImplicitlyConvertibleTo = std::is_convertible<From, To>::value;
+	template <typename To, typename From> concept ImplicitlyConvertibleFrom = std::is_convertible<From, To>::value;
+	template <typename From, typename To> concept ExplicitlyConvertibleTo = std::is_constructible<To, From>::value;
+	template <typename To, typename From> concept ExplicitlyConvertibleFrom = std::is_constructible<To, From>::value;
+	template <typename From, typename To> concept ConvertibleTo
+		= ImplicitlyConvertibleTo<From, To> || ExplicitlyConvertibleTo<From, To>;
+	template <typename From, typename To> concept ConvertibleFrom = ConvertibleTo<From, To>;
+
+	template <typename Function, auto... Args> concept ConstevalInvokable
+		= requires() {typename std::type_identity_t<int[(Function()(Args...), 1)]>;};
+
+	template <typename T> concept Enumerable = std::is_enum_v<T>;
+
+	template <typename Function, typename Result, typename... Args> concept InvocableWithResult
+		= std::is_invocable_r_v<Result, Function, Args...>;
+	
+	template <typename T> concept Arithmetic = std::is_arithmetic<T>::value || SpecializationOf<T, std::complex>;
+}
--- a/local/pkgs/biu/include/biu/concepts.tpp
+++ b/local/pkgs/biu/include/biu/concepts.tpp
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+# pragma once
+# include <tuple>
+# include <biu/concepts.hpp>
+
+namespace biu
+{
+	template <typename ProvidedArgs, typename ActualArgs> consteval bool
+		detail_::specialization_of_detail_::check_provided_args()
+	{
+		if constexpr (std::tuple_size_v<ProvidedArgs> == 0)
+			return true;
+		else if constexpr (std::tuple_size_v<ActualArgs> == 0)
+			return false;
+		else if constexpr
+			(std::same_as<std::tuple_element_t<0, ProvidedArgs>, std::tuple_element_t<0, ActualArgs>>)
+			return check_provided_args 
+			<
+				typename DropFirstMemberOfTupleHelper<ProvidedArgs>::Type,
+				typename DropFirstMemberOfTupleHelper<ActualArgs>::Type
+			>();
+		else
+			return false;
+	}
+	template <typename Class, template <typename...> typename Template> template <typename... ProvidedArgs> consteval
+		bool detail_::specialization_of_detail_::SpecializationOfHelper<Class, Template>::check_provided_args()
+		{ return false; }
+	template <template <typename...> typename Template, typename... ActualArgs> template <typename... ProvidedArgs>
+		consteval bool detail_::specialization_of_detail_::SpecializationOfHelper
+			<Template<ActualArgs...>, Template>::check_provided_args()
+		{
+			return specialization_of_detail_::check_provided_args
+				<std::tuple<ProvidedArgs...>, std::tuple<ActualArgs...>>();
+		}
+}
--- a/local/pkgs/biu/include/biu/eigen.hpp
+++ b/local/pkgs/biu/include/biu/eigen.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+# pragma once
+# include <vector>
+# include <Eigen/Dense>
+# include <biu/concepts.hpp>
+
+namespace biu
+{
+  namespace detail_
+  {
+    template <std::size_t M, std::size_t N = 1> struct ToEigenHelper {};
+    struct FromEigenHelper {};
+    consteval int eigen_size(std::size_t n);
+  }
+  template <std::size_t M, std::size_t N = 1> inline constexpr detail_::ToEigenHelper<M, N> toEigen;
+  inline constexpr detail_::FromEigenHelper fromEigen;
+
+  template <Arithmetic T, std::size_t N> Eigen::Vector<T, detail_::eigen_size(N)> operator|
+    (const std::vector<T>& input, const detail_::ToEigenHelper<N>&);
+  template <Arithmetic T, std::size_t M, std::size_t N>
+    Eigen::Matrix<T, detail_::eigen_size(M), detail_::eigen_size(N)> operator|
+    (const std::vector<std::vector<T>>& input, const detail_::ToEigenHelper<M, N>&);
+  template <Arithmetic T, int M, int N> std::conditional_t<N == 1, std::vector<T>, std::vector<std::vector<T>>>
+    operator|(const Eigen::Matrix<T, M, N>& input, const detail_::FromEigenHelper&);
+}
--- a/local/pkgs/biu/include/biu/eigen.tpp
+++ b/local/pkgs/biu/include/biu/eigen.tpp
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+# pragma once
+# include <span>
+# include <ranges>
+# include <biu/eigen.hpp>
+// # include <biu/logger.hpp>
+# include <range/v3/view.hpp>
+
+namespace biu
+{
+  consteval int detail_::eigen_size(std::size_t n)
+    { return n == std::dynamic_extent ? Eigen::Dynamic : static_cast<int>(n); }
+  template <Arithmetic T, std::size_t N> inline Eigen::Vector<T, detail_::eigen_size(N)> operator|
+    (const std::vector<T>& input, const detail_::ToEigenHelper<N>&)
+  {
+    if constexpr (N == std::dynamic_extent)
+      return { input.data(), input.size() };
+    else
+      return { input.data() };
+  }
+  template <Arithmetic T, std::size_t M, std::size_t N>
+    inline Eigen::Matrix<T, detail_::eigen_size(M), detail_::eigen_size(N)> operator|
+    (const std::vector<std::vector<T>>& input, const detail_::ToEigenHelper<M, N>&)
+  {
+    Eigen::Matrix<T, detail_::eigen_size(M), detail_::eigen_size(N)> output;
+    if constexpr (M == std::dynamic_extent || N == std::dynamic_extent)
+    {
+      if constexpr (M != std::dynamic_extent)
+        output.resize(M, input.size() > 0 ? input[0].size() : 0);
+      else if constexpr (N != std::dynamic_extent)
+        output.resize(input.size(), N);
+      else
+        output.resize(input.size(), input.size() > 0 ? input[0].size() : 0);
+    }
+    // 如果列是动态的，那么就要检查每一行的列数是否相同
+    /*
+    if constexpr (N == std::dynamic_extent)
+      if ((input | std::views::transform([](const auto& row) { return row.size(); }) | std::ranges::unique).size() > 1)
+        Logger::Guard().log<Logger::Level::Error>("The number of columns is not the same in each row.");
+    */
+    for (unsigned i = 0; i < M; i++)
+      for (unsigned j = 0; j < N; j++)
+        output(i, j) = input[i][j];
+    return output;
+  }
+  template <Arithmetic T, int M, int N> inline std::conditional_t<N == 1, std::vector<T>, std::vector<std::vector<T>>>
+    operator|(const Eigen::Matrix<T, M, N>& input, const detail_::FromEigenHelper&)
+  {
+    if constexpr (N == 1)
+      return { input.data(), input.data() + input.size() };
+    else
+    {
+      std::vector<std::vector<T>> output(input.rows());
+      for (unsigned i = 0; i < input.rows(); i++)
+        output[i] = { input.row(i).data(), input.row(i).data() + input.cols() };
+      return output;
+    }
+  }
+}
--- a/local/pkgs/biu/include/biu/format.hpp
+++ b/local/pkgs/biu/include/biu/format.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+# pragma once
+# include <variant>
+# include <experimental/memory>
+# include <fmt/ostream.h>
+# include <biu/string.hpp>
+# include <biu/concepts.hpp>
+
+namespace biu
+{
+	template <typename T, typename Char = char> concept Formattable = fmt::is_formattable<T, Char>::value;
+
+	namespace detail_
+	{
+		template <typename Char, Char... c> struct FormatLiteralHelper : protected BasicStaticString<Char, c...>
+			{template <typename... Param> std::basic_string<Char> operator()(Param&&... param) const;};
+	}
+	namespace literals
+		{template <typename Char, Char... c> consteval detail_::FormatLiteralHelper<Char, c...> operator""_f();}
+
+	namespace detail_
+	{
+		template <typename T> concept OptionalWrap
+			= SpecializationOf<T, std::optional> || SpecializationOf<T, std::shared_ptr>
+				|| SpecializationOf<T, std::weak_ptr> || SpecializationOf<T, std::unique_ptr>
+				|| SpecializationOf<T, std::experimental::observer_ptr>;
+		template <typename Wrap> struct UnderlyingTypeOfOptionalWrap;
+		template <typename Wrap> requires requires() {typename Wrap::value_type;}
+			struct UnderlyingTypeOfOptionalWrap<Wrap>
+			{using Type = std::remove_cvref_t<typename Wrap::value_type>;};
+		template <typename Wrap> requires requires() {typename Wrap::element_type;}
+			struct UnderlyingTypeOfOptionalWrap<Wrap>
+			{using Type = std::remove_cvref_t<typename Wrap::element_type>;};
+		template <typename T> struct FormatterReuseProxy
+		{
+			constexpr auto parse(fmt::format_parse_context& ctx)
+				-> std::invoke_result_t<decltype(&fmt::format_parse_context::begin), fmt::format_parse_context>;
+		};
+		template <typename T>
+			requires (!SpecializationOf<T, std::weak_ptr> && std::default_initializable<fmt::formatter<T>>)
+			struct FormatterReuseProxy<T> : fmt::formatter<T> {};
+	}
+}
+
+namespace std
+{
+	template <typename Char, typename... Ts> requires (sizeof...(Ts) > 0) basic_ostream<Char>& operator<<
+		(basic_ostream<Char>& os, const variant<Ts...>& value);
+}
+
+namespace fmt
+{
+	using namespace biu::stream_operators;
+
+	template <typename Char, biu::detail_::OptionalWrap Wrap> struct formatter<Wrap, Char>
+		: biu::detail_::FormatterReuseProxy<typename biu::detail_::UnderlyingTypeOfOptionalWrap<Wrap>::Type>
+	{
+		template <typename FormatContext> auto format(const Wrap& wrap, FormatContext& ctx)
+			-> std::invoke_result_t<decltype(&FormatContext::out), FormatContext>;
+	};
+
+	template <typename Char, biu::Enumerable T> struct formatter<T, Char>
+	{
+		bool full = false;
+		constexpr auto parse(fmt::format_parse_context& ctx)
+			-> std::invoke_result_t<decltype(&fmt::format_parse_context::begin), fmt::format_parse_context>;
+		template <typename FormatContext> auto format(const T& value, FormatContext& ctx)
+			-> std::invoke_result_t<decltype(&FormatContext::out), FormatContext>;
+	};
+
+	template <typename Char, typename... Ts> struct formatter<std::variant<Ts...>, Char>
+		: basic_ostream_formatter<Char> {};
+}
--- a/local/pkgs/biu/include/biu/format.tpp
+++ b/local/pkgs/biu/include/biu/format.tpp
@@ -0,0 +1,122 @@
+# pragma once
+# include <nameof.hpp>
+# include <biu/format.hpp>
+
+namespace biu
+{
+	template <typename Char, Char... c> template <typename... Param>
+		std::basic_string<Char> detail_::FormatLiteralHelper<Char, c...>::operator() (Param&&... param) const
+		{return fmt::format(BasicStaticString<Char, c...>::StringView, std::forward<Param>(param)...);}
+	template <typename Char, Char... c> consteval
+		detail_::FormatLiteralHelper<Char, c...> literals::operator""_f()
+		{return {};}
+
+	template <typename T> constexpr
+		auto detail_::FormatterReuseProxy<T>::parse(fmt::format_parse_context& ctx)
+		-> std::invoke_result_t<decltype(&fmt::format_parse_context::begin), fmt::format_parse_context>
+	{
+		if (ctx.begin() != ctx.end() && *ctx.begin() != '}')
+			throw fmt::format_error
+			(
+				"{} do not support to be format, so the wrapper should not have any format syntax."_f
+					(nameof::nameof_full_type<T>())
+			);
+		return ctx.begin();
+	}
+}
+
+namespace std
+{
+	template <typename Char, typename... Ts> requires (sizeof...(Ts) > 0)
+		basic_ostream<Char>& operator<<(basic_ostream<Char>& os, const variant<Ts...>& value)
+	{
+		using namespace biu::literals;
+		auto try_print = [&]<typename T>
+		{
+			if (holds_alternative<T>(value))
+			{
+				if constexpr (biu::Formattable<T, Char>)
+					os << "({}: {})"_f(nameof::nameof_full_type<T>(), get<T>(value));
+				else
+					os << "({}: {})"_f(nameof::nameof_full_type<T>(), "non-null unformattable value");
+			}
+		};
+		(try_print.template operator()<Ts>(), ...);
+		return os;
+	}
+}
+
+namespace fmt
+{
+	template <typename Char, biu::detail_::OptionalWrap Wrap> template <typename FormatContext>
+		auto formatter<Wrap, Char>::format(const Wrap& wrap, FormatContext& ctx)
+		-> std::invoke_result_t<decltype(&FormatContext::out), FormatContext>
+	{
+		using namespace biu::literals;
+		using namespace biu::stream_operators;
+		using value_t = biu::detail_::UnderlyingTypeOfOptionalWrap<Wrap>::Type;
+		auto format_value_type = [&, this](const value_t& value)
+		{
+			if constexpr (!biu::Formattable<value_t, Char>)
+				return format_to(ctx.out(), "non-null unformattable value");
+			else if constexpr (std::default_initializable<formatter<value_t>>)
+				biu::detail_::FormatterReuseProxy<value_t>::format(value, ctx);
+			else
+				format_to(ctx.out(), "{}", value);
+		};
+		format_to(ctx.out(), "(");
+		if constexpr (biu::SpecializationOf<Wrap, std::optional>)
+		{
+			if (wrap)
+				format_value_type(*wrap);
+			else
+				format_to(ctx.out(), "null");
+		}
+		else if constexpr (biu::SpecializationOf<Wrap, std::weak_ptr>)
+		{
+			if (auto shared = wrap.lock())
+			{
+				format_to(ctx.out(), "{} ", ptr(shared.get()));
+				format_value_type(*shared);
+			}
+			else
+				format_to(ctx.out(), "null");
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			if (wrap)
+			{
+				format_to(ctx.out(), "{} ", ptr(wrap.get()));
+				format_value_type(*wrap);
+			}
+			else
+				format_to(ctx.out(), "null");
+		}
+		return format_to(ctx.out(), ")");
+	}
+
+	template <typename Char, biu::Enumerable T> constexpr
+		auto formatter<T, Char>::parse(format_parse_context& ctx)
+		-> std::invoke_result_t<decltype(&format_parse_context::begin), format_parse_context>
+	{
+		auto it = ctx.begin();
+		if (it != ctx.end() && *it == 'f')
+		{
+			full = true;
+			it++;
+		}
+		if (it != ctx.end() && *it != '}')
+			throw format_error{"syntax error."};
+		return it;
+	}
+
+	template <typename Char, biu::Enumerable T> template <typename FormatContext>
+		auto formatter<T, Char>::format(const T& value, FormatContext& ctx)
+		-> std::invoke_result_t<decltype(&FormatContext::out), FormatContext>
+	{
+		if (full)
+			return format_to(ctx.out(), "{}::{}", nameof::nameof_type<T>(), nameof::nameof_enum(value));
+		else
+			return format_to(ctx.out(), "{}", nameof::nameof_enum(value));
+	}
+}
--- a/local/pkgs/biu/include/biu/logger.hpp
+++ b/local/pkgs/biu/include/biu/logger.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
+# pragma once
+# include <map>
+# include <boost/stacktrace.hpp>
+# include <biu/atomic/nolog.hpp>
+
+namespace biu
+{
+	class Logger
+	{
+		// All the member function corresponding to stacktrace should be inlined
+		// All the public function (including public function of member class) should be thread safe.
+
+		public: Logger() = delete;
+
+		// Setup output stream and log level in a thread-safe way
+		public: enum class Level
+		{
+			None,
+			Error,
+			Access,
+			Info,
+			Debug
+		};
+		protected: struct LoggerConfigType_
+		{
+			std::experimental::observer_ptr<std::ostream> Stream;
+			std::shared_ptr<std::ostream> StreamStorage;
+			Logger::Level Level;
+		};
+		protected: static Atomic<std::optional<LoggerConfigType_>, false> LoggerConfig_;
+		public: static void init(std::experimental::observer_ptr<std::ostream> stream, Level level);
+		public: static void init(std::shared_ptr<std::ostream> stream, Level level);
+
+		// Send a telegram message if token and chat id are set, all the functions are thread-safe
+		protected: static Atomic<std::optional<std::pair<std::string, std::string>>, false> TelegramConfig_;
+		public: static void telegram_init(const std::string& token, const std::string& chat_id);
+		public: static void telegram_notify(const std::string& message);
+		public: static void telegram_notify_async(const std::string& message);
+
+		// Monitor the lifetime of an object
+		// usage: struct my_class : protected Logger::ObjectMonitor<my_class> {}
+		public: template <typename T> class ObjectMonitor
+		{
+			protected: const std::chrono::time_point<std::chrono::steady_clock> CreateTime_;
+
+			// call log<Debug>("create {type} at {address}.");
+			protected: [[gnu::always_inline]] ObjectMonitor();
+
+			// call log<Debug>("destroy {type} at {address} after {duration} ms.");
+			protected: [[gnu::always_inline]] virtual ~ObjectMonitor();
+		};
+		template <typename T> friend class ObjectMonitor;
+
+		// List of objects that is being monitored by ObjectMonitor, {address, type}
+		protected: static Atomic<std::multimap<const void*, std::string_view>, false> Objects_;
+
+		public: template <typename FinalException> class Exception : public std::exception
+		{
+			protected: const std::string Message_;
+			protected: const boost::stacktrace::stacktrace Stacktrace_;
+
+			public: explicit Exception(const std::string& message);
+			public: const char* what() const noexcept final {return Message_.c_str();}
+		};
+
+		// Monitor the start and end of a function, as well as corresponding thread.
+		// This object should be construct at the beginning of the function, and should never be passed to another
+		// function or thread.
+		public: class Guard
+		{
+			protected: thread_local static unsigned Indent_;
+			protected: const std::chrono::time_point<std::chrono::steady_clock> StartTime_;
+
+			// if sizeof...(Param) > 0, call log<Debug>("begin function with {arguments}.");
+			// else call log<Debug>("begin function.");
+			public: template <typename... Param> [[gnu::always_inline]] explicit Guard(Param&&... param);
+
+			// call log<Debug>("end function after {duration} ms.")
+			public: [[gnu::always_inline]] virtual ~Guard();
+
+			// call log<Debug>("reached after {duration} ms.")
+			public: [[gnu::always_inline]] void operator()() const;
+
+			// call log<Debug>("return {return} after {duration} ms.")
+			public: template <typename T> [[gnu::always_inline]] T rtn(T&& value) const;
+
+			// print the following message if LoggerConfig_ is set and the level is higher than the level of the
+			// LoggerConfig_
+			// [ {time} {thread} {indent} {filename}:{line} {function_name} ] {message}
+			public: template <Level L> [[gnu::always_inline]] void log(const std::string& message) const;
+
+			public: template <typename FinalException> [[gnu::always_inline]] void print_exception
+			(
+				const std::string& type, const std::string& message, const boost::stacktrace::stacktrace& stacktrace,
+				CalledBy<Exception<FinalException>>
+			) const;
+		};
+		friend class Guard;
+
+		// list of threads which is being monitored by Guard and number of Guard created in this thread so far
+		protected: static Atomic<std::map<std::size_t, std::size_t>, false> Threads_;
+	};
+}
--- a/local/pkgs/biu/include/biu/logger.tpp
+++ b/local/pkgs/biu/include/biu/logger.tpp
@@ -0,0 +1,143 @@
+# pragma once
+# define BOOST_STACKTRACE_USE_BACKTRACE
+# include <fmt/chrono.h>
+# include <biu/logger.hpp>
+# include <biu/common.hpp>
+# include <biu/format.hpp>
+
+namespace biu
+{
+	template <typename T> Logger::ObjectMonitor<T>::ObjectMonitor()
+		: CreateTime_{std::chrono::steady_clock::now()}
+	{
+		Guard guard;
+		guard.log<Level::Debug>("create {} at {}."_f(nameof::nameof_full_type<T>(), fmt::ptr(this)));
+		auto&& lock = Objects_.lock();
+		lock->emplace(this, nameof::nameof_full_type<T>());
+	}
+	template <typename T> Logger::ObjectMonitor<T>::~ObjectMonitor()
+	{
+		Guard guard;
+		guard.log<Level::Debug>("destroy {} at {} after {} ms."_f
+		(
+			nameof::nameof_full_type<T>(), fmt::ptr(this),
+			std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::milliseconds>
+				(std::chrono::steady_clock::now() - CreateTime_).count()
+		));
+		auto&& lock = Objects_.lock();
+		auto range = lock->equal_range(this);
+		for (auto it = range.first; it != range.second; it++)
+			if (it->second == nameof::nameof_full_type<T>())
+			{
+				lock->erase(it);
+				return;
+			}
+		guard.log<Level::Error>
+			("{} {} not found in Logger::Objects."_f(fmt::ptr(this), nameof::nameof_full_type<T>()));
+	}
+
+	template <typename FinalException> Logger::Exception<FinalException>::Exception(const std::string& message)
+	{
+		Logger::Guard log{message};
+		log.print_exception(nameof::nameof_full_type<FinalException>(), message, Stacktrace_);
+	}
+
+	template <typename... Param> inline Logger::Guard::Guard(Param&&... param)
+		: StartTime_{std::chrono::steady_clock::now()}
+	{
+		Indent_++;
+		auto&& lock = Threads_.lock();
+		auto thread_id = std::hash<std::thread::id>{}(std::this_thread::get_id());
+		if (lock->contains(thread_id))
+			lock.value()[thread_id]++;
+		else
+			lock->emplace(thread_id, 1);
+		if constexpr (sizeof...(Param) > 0)
+		{
+			std::stringstream ss;
+			std::vector<std::string> params = {"{}"_f(std::forward<Param>(param))...};
+			ss << "begin function with {";
+			for (auto& param : params)
+				ss << param << ", ";
+			ss.seekp(-2, ss.cur);
+			ss << "}.";
+			log<Level::Debug>(ss.str());
+		}
+		else
+			log<Level::Debug>("begin function.");
+	}
+	inline Logger::Guard::~Guard()
+	{
+		log<Level::Debug>("end function after {} ms."_f(std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::milliseconds>
+			(std::chrono::steady_clock::now() - StartTime_).count()));
+		Indent_--;
+		auto&& lock = Threads_.lock();
+		auto thread_id = std::hash<std::thread::id>{}(std::this_thread::get_id());
+		if (lock->contains(thread_id))
+		{
+			lock.value()[thread_id]--;
+			if (lock.value()[thread_id] == 0)
+				lock->erase(thread_id);
+		}
+		else [[unlikely]]
+			log<Level::Debug>("{:08x} not found in Logger::Threads."_f
+				(std::hash<std::thread::id>{}(std::this_thread::get_id()) % std::numeric_limits<std::uint64_t>::max()));
+	}
+	inline void Logger::Guard::operator()() const
+	{
+		log<Level::Debug>("reached after {} ms."_f
+		(
+			std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::milliseconds>(std::chrono::steady_clock::now() - StartTime_).count()
+		));
+	}
+	template <typename T> inline T Logger::Guard::rtn(T&& value) const
+	{
+		log<Level::Debug>("return {} after {} ms."_f
+		(
+			std::forward<T>(value), 
+			std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::milliseconds>(std::chrono::steady_clock::now() - StartTime_).count()
+		));
+		return std::forward<T>(value);
+	}
+	template <Logger::Level L> inline void Logger::Guard::log(const std::string& message) const
+	{
+		if (auto&& lock = LoggerConfig_.lock(); *lock && lock.value()->Level >= L)
+		{
+			static_assert(std::same_as<std::size_t, std::uint64_t>);
+			auto time = std::chrono::system_clock::now();
+			boost::stacktrace::stacktrace stack;
+			*lock.value()->Stream << "[ {:%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S}:{:03} {:08x} {:04} {}:{} {} ] {}\n"_f
+			(
+				time,
+				std::chrono::time_point_cast<std::chrono::milliseconds>(time).time_since_epoch().count() % 1000,
+				std::hash<std::thread::id>{}(std::this_thread::get_id())
+					% std::numeric_limits<std::uint64_t>::max(),
+				Indent_,
+				stack[0].source_file().empty() ? "??"s : stack[0].source_file(),
+				stack[0].source_line() == 0 ? "??"s : "{}"_f(stack[0].source_line()),
+				stack[0].name(),
+				message
+			) << std::flush;
+		}
+	}
+	template <typename FinalException> inline void Logger::Guard::print_exception
+	(
+		const std::string& type, const std::string& message, const boost::stacktrace::stacktrace& stacktrace,
+		CalledBy<Exception<FinalException>>
+	) const
+	{
+		log<Level::Error>("{}: {}"_f(type, message));
+		if (auto&& lock = LoggerConfig_.lock(); *lock && lock.value()->Level >= Logger::Level::Error)
+		{
+			static_assert(std::same_as<std::size_t, std::uint64_t>);
+			for (auto frame : stacktrace)
+				*lock.value()->Stream << "\tfrom {}:{} {}\n"_f
+				(
+					frame.source_file().empty() ? "??"s : frame.source_file(),
+					frame.source_line() == 0 ? "??"s : "{}"_f(frame.source_line()),
+					frame.name()
+				);
+			*lock.value()->Stream << std::flush;
+		}
+	}
+}
--- a/local/pkgs/biu/include/biu/smartref.hpp
+++ b/local/pkgs/biu/include/biu/smartref.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+# pragma once
+# include <memory>
+# include <type_traits>
+
+namespace biu
+{
+	// store a reference to an lvalue, or a value (instead of a reference) copy or moved from an rvalue
+	template <typename T> class SmartRef
+	{
+		protected: std::unique_ptr<T> Ptr_;
+		protected: T& Ref_;
+
+		public: SmartRef(T& val);
+		public: template <typename... Us> requires (std::is_constructible_v<T, Us...>) SmartRef(Us&&... val);
+		public: T& operator*();
+		public: T* operator->();
+	};
+}
--- a/local/pkgs/biu/include/biu/smartref.tpp
+++ b/local/pkgs/biu/include/biu/smartref.tpp
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+# pragma once
+# include <utility>
+# include <biu/smartref.hpp>
+
+namespace biu
+{
+	template <typename T> inline SmartRef<T>::SmartRef(T& val) : Ref_(val) {}
+	template <typename T> template <typename... Us> requires (std::is_constructible_v<T, Us...>)
+		inline SmartRef<T>::SmartRef(Us&&... val)
+		: Ptr_(std::make_unique<T>(std::forward<Us>(val)...)), Ref_(*Ptr_) {}
+	template <typename T> inline T& SmartRef<T>::operator*() {return Ref_;}
+	template <typename T> inline T* SmartRef<T>::operator->() {return &Ref_;}
+}
--- a/local/pkgs/biu/include/biu/string.hpp
+++ b/local/pkgs/biu/include/biu/string.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+# pragma once
+# include <regex>
+# include <array>
+# include <string>
+# include <string_view>
+# include <iostream>
+# include <concurrencpp/concurrencpp.h>
+# include <biu/concepts.hpp>
+# include <biu/smartref.hpp>
+
+namespace biu
+{
+	// Store a string in a static member of a class; or, use a class to represent a string.
+	template <DecayedType Char, Char... c> struct BasicStaticString
+	{
+		static constexpr std::array<Char, sizeof...(c)> Array{c...};
+		static constexpr std::basic_string_view<Char> StringView{Array.data(), sizeof...(c)};
+	};
+	template <char... c> using StaticString = BasicStaticString<char, c...>;
+	inline namespace stream_operators
+	{
+		template <typename Char, Char... c>
+			std::basic_ostream<Char>& operator<<(std::basic_ostream<Char>& os, BasicStaticString<Char, c...>);
+	}
+	inline namespace literals
+		{ template <typename Char, Char... c> consteval BasicStaticString<Char, c...> operator""_ss(); }
+	namespace detail_
+	{
+		template <typename C, typename T> struct SpecializationOfBasicStaticStringHelper : std::false_type {};
+		template <typename C, C... c>
+			struct SpecializationOfBasicStaticStringHelper<C, BasicStaticString<C, c...>> : std::true_type {};
+		template <typename C, C... c>
+			struct SpecializationOfBasicStaticStringHelper<void, BasicStaticString<C, c...>> : std::true_type {};
+		template <typename T, typename C> concept SpecializationOfBasicStaticString
+			= SpecializationOfBasicStaticStringHelper<std::decay_t<C>, std::decay_t<T>>::value;
+	}
+	template <typename T, typename C = void> concept SpecializationOfBasicStaticString
+		= detail_::SpecializationOfBasicStaticString<T, C>
+			&& detail_::SpecializationOfBasicStaticString<T, void>;
+	template <typename T> concept SpecializationOfStaticString = SpecializationOfBasicStaticString<T, char>;
+
+	// Store a string in a fixed-size array
+	template <DecayedType Char, std::size_t N> struct BasicFixedString
+	{
+		Char Data[N];
+		constexpr static const std::size_t Size = N - 1;
+		constexpr BasicFixedString(const Char (&str)[N]);
+	};
+	template <std::size_t N> using FixedString = BasicFixedString<char, N>;
+	inline namespace stream_operators
+	{
+		template <typename Char, std::size_t N> std::basic_ostream<Char>& operator<<
+			(std::basic_ostream<Char>& os, const BasicFixedString<Char, N>& str);
+	}
+	inline namespace literals { template <BasicFixedString FS> constexpr decltype(FS) operator""_fs(); }
+	namespace detail_
+	{
+		template <typename C, typename T> struct SpecializationOfBasicFixedStringHelper : std::false_type {};
+		template <typename C, std::size_t N>
+			struct SpecializationOfBasicFixedStringHelper<C, BasicFixedString<C, N>> : std::true_type {};
+		template <typename C, std::size_t N>
+			struct SpecializationOfBasicFixedStringHelper<void, BasicFixedString<C, N>> : std::true_type {};
+		template <typename T, typename C> concept SpecializationOfBasicFixedString
+			= SpecializationOfBasicFixedStringHelper<std::decay_t<C>, std::decay_t<T>>::value;
+	}
+	template <typename T, typename C = void> concept SpecializationOfBasicFixedString
+		= detail_::SpecializationOfBasicFixedString<T, C>
+			&& detail_::SpecializationOfBasicFixedString<T, void>;
+	template <typename T> concept SpecializationOfFixedString = SpecializationOfBasicFixedString<T, char>;
+
+	// Store a string with at most N characters
+	template <DecayedType Char, std::size_t N> struct BasicVariableString
+	{
+		Char Data[N];
+		std::size_t Size;
+		constexpr static const std::size_t MaxSize = N - 1;
+		template <std::size_t M> requires (M<=N) constexpr BasicVariableString(const Char (&str)[M]);
+	};
+	template <std::size_t N> using VariableString = BasicVariableString<char, N>;
+	inline namespace stream_operators
+	{
+		template <typename Char, std::size_t N> std::basic_ostream<Char>& operator<<
+			(std::basic_ostream<Char>& os, const BasicVariableString<Char, N>& str);
+	}
+
+	namespace detail_
+	{
+		template <typename C, typename T> struct SpecializationOfBasicVariableStringHelper : std::false_type {};
+		template <typename C, std::size_t N>
+			struct SpecializationOfBasicVariableStringHelper<C, BasicVariableString<C, N>> : std::true_type {};
+		template <typename C, std::size_t N>
+			struct SpecializationOfBasicVariableStringHelper<void, BasicVariableString<C, N>> : std::true_type {};
+		template <typename T, typename C> concept SpecializationOfBasicVariableString
+			= SpecializationOfBasicVariableStringHelper<std::decay_t<C>, std::decay_t<T>>::value;
+	}
+	template <typename T, typename C = void> concept SpecializationOfBasicVariableString
+		= detail_::SpecializationOfBasicVariableString<T, C>
+			&& detail_::SpecializationOfBasicVariableString<T, void>;
+	template <typename T> concept SpecializationOfVariableString = SpecializationOfBasicVariableString<T, char>;
+
+	namespace string
+	{
+		// Find specific content in a string. Return unmatched content before the match and the match result every
+		// time. If match reached the end, the second returned value will be std::sregex_iterator().
+		concurrencpp::generator<std::pair<std::string_view, std::sregex_iterator>> find
+			(SmartRef<const std::string> data, SmartRef<const std::regex> regex);
+		// Use a regex to find all matches and replace them with a callback function
+		std::string replace
+			(const std::string& data, const std::regex& regex, std::function<std::string(const std::smatch&)> function);
+	}
+}
--- a/local/pkgs/biu/include/biu/string.tpp
+++ b/local/pkgs/biu/include/biu/string.tpp
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+# pragma once
+# include <biu/string.hpp>
+
+namespace biu
+{
+	template <typename Char, Char... c> inline std::basic_ostream<Char>& stream_operators::operator<<
+		(std::basic_ostream<Char>& os, BasicStaticString<Char, c...>)
+		{ return os << std::basic_string_view{c...}; }
+	template <typename Char, Char... c> consteval BasicStaticString<Char, c...> literals::operator""_ss()
+		{ return {}; }
+
+	template <DecayedType Char, std::size_t N> constexpr
+		BasicFixedString<Char, N>::BasicFixedString(const Char (&str)[N])
+		{ std::copy_n(str, N, Data); }
+	template <typename Char, std::size_t N> std::basic_ostream<Char>& stream_operators::operator<<
+		(std::basic_ostream<Char>& os, const BasicFixedString<Char, N>& str)
+		{ return os << std::basic_string_view<Char>(str.Data, str.Size); }
+	template <BasicFixedString FS> constexpr decltype(FS) literals::operator""_fs()
+		{ return FS; }
+
+	template <DecayedType Char, std::size_t N> template <std::size_t M> requires (M<=N) constexpr
+		BasicVariableString<Char, N>::BasicVariableString(const Char (&str)[M]) : Size(M)
+	{
+		std::fill(Data, Data + N, '\0');
+		std::copy_n(str, M, Data);
+	}
+	template <typename Char, std::size_t N> std::basic_ostream<Char>& stream_operators::operator<<
+		(std::basic_ostream<Char>& os, const BasicVariableString<Char, N>& str)
+		{ return os << std::basic_string_view<Char>(str.Data, str.Size); }
+}
--- a/local/pkgs/biu/src/common.cpp
+++ b/local/pkgs/biu/src/common.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+# include <future>
+# include <utility>
+# include <biu.hpp>
+
+namespace biu
+{
+	std::regex literals::operator""_re(const char* str, std::size_t len)
+		{ return std::regex{str, len}; }
+	void block_forever()
+	{
+		std::promise<void>().get_future().wait();
+		std::unreachable();
+	}
+}
--- a/local/pkgs/biu/src/logger.cpp
+++ b/local/pkgs/biu/src/logger.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+# include <tgbot/tgbot.h>
+# include <biu.hpp>
+
+namespace biu
+{
+	Atomic<std::optional<typename Logger::LoggerConfigType_>, false> Logger::LoggerConfig_;
+	void Logger::init(std::experimental::observer_ptr<std::ostream> stream, Level level)
+	{
+		auto&& lock = LoggerConfig_.lock();
+		lock->emplace(stream, nullptr, level);
+	}
+	void Logger::init(std::shared_ptr<std::ostream> stream, Level level)
+	{
+		auto&& lock = LoggerConfig_.lock();
+		lock->emplace(std::experimental::make_observer(stream.get()), stream, level);
+	}
+
+	Atomic<std::optional<std::pair<std::string, std::string>>, false> Logger::TelegramConfig_;
+	void Logger::telegram_init(const std::string& token, const std::string& chat_id)
+		{TelegramConfig_ = std::make_pair(token, chat_id);}
+	void Logger::telegram_notify(const std::string& message)
+	{
+		if (auto&& lock = TelegramConfig_.lock(); *lock)
+		{
+			TgBot::Bot bot{lock.value()->first};
+			bot.getApi().sendMessage(lock.value()->first, message);
+		}
+	}
+	void Logger::telegram_notify_async(const std::string& message)
+		{std::thread{Logger::telegram_notify, message}.detach();}
+
+	Atomic<std::multimap<const void*, std::string_view>, false> Logger::Objects_;
+
+	thread_local unsigned Logger::Guard::Indent_ = 0;
+	Atomic<std::map<std::size_t, std::size_t>, false> Logger::Threads_;
+}
--- a/local/pkgs/biu/src/string.cpp
+++ b/local/pkgs/biu/src/string.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+# include <fmt/chrono.h>
+# include <biu.hpp>
+
+namespace biu
+{
+	concurrencpp::generator<std::pair<std::string_view, std::sregex_iterator>> string::find
+		(SmartRef<const std::string> data, SmartRef<const std::regex> regex)
+	{
+		Logger::Guard log;
+		std::string::const_iterator unmatched_prefix_begin = data->cbegin(), unmatched_prefix_end;
+		std::sregex_iterator regit;
+		while (true)
+		{
+			if (regit == std::sregex_iterator{})
+				regit = std::sregex_iterator{data->begin(), data->end(), *regex};
+			else
+				regit++;
+			if (regit == std::sregex_iterator{})
+			{
+				unmatched_prefix_end = data->cend();
+				log.log<Logger::Level::Debug>("distance: {}"_f(std::distance(unmatched_prefix_begin, unmatched_prefix_end)));
+			}
+			else
+				unmatched_prefix_end = (*regit)[0].first;
+			co_yield
+			{
+				std::string_view
+				{
+					&*unmatched_prefix_begin,
+					static_cast<std::size_t>(std::distance(unmatched_prefix_begin, unmatched_prefix_end))
+				},
+				regit
+			};
+			if (regit == std::sregex_iterator{})
+				break;
+			unmatched_prefix_begin = (*regit)[0].second;
+		}
+	}
+
+	std::string string::replace
+		(const std::string& data, const std::regex& regex, std::function<std::string(const std::smatch&)> function)
+	{
+		Logger::Guard log;
+		std::string result;
+		for (auto matched : find(data, regex))
+		{
+			result.append(matched.first);
+			if (matched.second != std::sregex_iterator{})
+				result.append(function(*matched.second));
+		}
+		return result;
+	}
+}
--- a/local/pkgs/default.nix
+++ b/local/pkgs/default.nix
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ inputs: rec
  aocl = inputs.pkgs.callPackage ./aocl {};
  kylin-virtual-keyboard = inputs.pkgs.libsForQt5.callPackage ./kylin-virtual-keyboard
    { src = inputs.topInputs.kylin-virtual-keyboard; };
-  biu = inputs.pkgs.callPackage inputs.topInputs.biu { inherit nameof; };
+  biu = inputs.pkgs.callPackage ./biu { inherit nameof; };

  fromYaml = content: builtins.fromJSON (builtins.readFile
    (inputs.pkgs.runCommand "toJSON" {}