diff --git a/modules/services/mariadb.nix b/modules/services/mariadb.nix
index 890ddaa3..144e6281 100644
--- a/modules/services/mariadb.nix
+++ b/modules/services/mariadb.nix
@@ -49,11 +49,7 @@ inputs:
     sops.secrets = builtins.listToAttrs (builtins.map
       (db: { name = "mariadb/${db.value.user}"; value.owner = inputs.config.users.users.mysql.name; })
       (builtins.filter (db: db.value.passwordFile == null) (inputs.localLib.attrsToList mariadb.instances)));
-    environment.persistence =
-      let inherit (inputs.config.nixos.system) impermanence; in inputs.lib.mkIf impermanence.enable
-      {
-        "${impermanence.nodatacow}".directories = let user = "mysql"; in
-          [{ directory = "/var/lib/mysql"; inherit user; group = user; mode = "0750"; }];
-      };
+    environment.persistence."/nix/nodatacow".directories =
+      [{ directory = "/var/lib/mysql"; user = "mysql"; group = "mysql"; mode = "0750"; }];
   };
 }
diff --git a/modules/services/nixseperatedebuginfo.nix b/modules/services/nixseperatedebuginfo.nix
index 15821c0a..7856492d 100644
--- a/modules/services/nixseperatedebuginfo.nix
+++ b/modules/services/nixseperatedebuginfo.nix
@@ -9,11 +9,12 @@ inputs:
     let inherit (inputs.config.nixos.services) nixseparatedebuginfo; in inputs.lib.mkIf (nixseparatedebuginfo != {})
     {
       services.nixseparatedebuginfod.enable = true;
-      environment.persistence =
-        let inherit (inputs.config.nixos.system) impermanence; in inputs.lib.mkIf impermanence.enable
-        {
-          "${impermanence.nodatacow}".directories = let user = "nixseparatedebuginfod"; in
-          [{ directory = "/var/cache/nixseparatedebuginfod"; inherit user; group = user; mode = "0755"; }];
-        };
+      environment.persistence."/nix/nodatacow".directories =
+      [{
+        directory = "/var/cache/nixseparatedebuginfod";
+        user = "nixseparatedebuginfod";
+        group = "nixseparatedebuginfod";
+        mode = "0755";
+      }];
     };
 }
diff --git a/modules/services/postgresql.nix b/modules/services/postgresql.nix
index 6700bb97..70bd89bb 100644
--- a/modules/services/postgresql.nix
+++ b/modules/services/postgresql.nix
@@ -86,11 +86,7 @@ inputs:
     sops.secrets = builtins.listToAttrs (builtins.map
       (db: { name = "postgresql/${db.value.user}"; value.owner = inputs.config.users.users.postgres.name; })
       (builtins.filter (db: db.value.passwordFile == null) (inputs.localLib.attrsToList postgresql.instances)));
-    environment.persistence =
-      let inherit (inputs.config.nixos.system) impermanence; in inputs.lib.mkIf impermanence.enable
-      {
-        "${impermanence.nodatacow}".directories = let user = "postgres"; in
-          [{ directory = "/var/lib/postgresql"; inherit user; group = user; mode = "0750"; }];
-      };
+    environment.persistence."/nix/nodatacow".directories =
+      [{ directory = "/var/lib/postgresql"; user = "postgres"; group = "postgres"; mode = "0750"; }];
   };
 }
diff --git a/modules/system/gui.nix b/modules/system/gui.nix
index c81e73b7..265e1d85 100644
--- a/modules/system/gui.nix
+++ b/modules/system/gui.nix
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ inputs:
       environment =
       {
         sessionVariables.GTK_USE_PORTAL = "1";
-        persistence."${inputs.config.nixos.system.impermanence.root}".directories =
+        persistence."/nix/rootfs/current".directories =
           [{ directory = "/var/lib/sddm"; user = "sddm"; group = "sddm"; mode = "0700"; }];
       };
       xdg.portal.extraPortals = builtins.map (p: inputs.pkgs."xdg-desktop-portal-${p}") [ "gtk" "wlr" ];
diff --git a/modules/system/impermanence.nix b/modules/system/impermanence.nix
index 025d52ba..18655a14 100644
--- a/modules/system/impermanence.nix
+++ b/modules/system/impermanence.nix
@@ -1,17 +1,10 @@
 inputs:
 {
-  options.nixos.system.impermanence = let inherit (inputs.lib) mkOption types; in
-  {
-    enable = mkOption { type = types.bool; default = true; };
-    persistence = mkOption { type = types.nonEmptyStr; default = "/nix/persistent"; };
-    root = mkOption { type = types.nonEmptyStr; default = "/nix/rootfs/current"; };
-    nodatacow = mkOption { type = types.nullOr types.nonEmptyStr; default = "/nix/nodatacow"; };
-  };
-  config = let inherit (inputs.config.nixos.system) impermanence; in inputs.lib.mkIf impermanence.enable
+  config =
   {
     environment.persistence =
     {
-      "${impermanence.persistence}" =
+      "/nix/persistent" =
       {
         hideMounts = true;
         directories =
@@ -33,7 +26,7 @@ inputs:
           "/etc/ssh/ssh_host_rsa_key"
         ];
       };
-      "${impermanence.root}" =
+      "/nix/rootfs/current" =
       {
         hideMounts = true;
         directories =
@@ -45,7 +38,7 @@ inputs:
           "/var/lib/flatpak"
         ];
       };
-      "${impermanence.nodatacow}" =
+      "/nix/nodatacow" =
       {
         hideMounts = true;
         directories =
diff --git a/modules/system/networking.nix b/modules/system/networking.nix
index 93df3ac5..df8285e7 100644
--- a/modules/system/networking.nix
+++ b/modules/system/networking.nix
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ inputs:
           enable = true;
           settings.device.keep-configuration = "no";
         };
-        environment.persistence."${inputs.config.nixos.system.impermanence.persistence}".directories =
+        environment.persistence."/nix/persistent".directories =
           [{ directory = "/etc/NetworkManager/system-connections"; mode = "0700"; }];
       }
       {
diff --git a/modules/user/chn/default.nix b/modules/user/chn/default.nix
index 6833ead0..c97dc306 100644
--- a/modules/user/chn/default.nix
+++ b/modules/user/chn/default.nix
@@ -86,135 +86,133 @@ inputs:
         pam.yubico.authorizedYubiKeys.ids = [ "cccccbgrhnub" ];
       };
     };
-    environment.persistence =
-      let inherit (inputs.config.nixos.system) impermanence;
-      in inputs.lib.mkIf (inputs.config.nixos.model.cluster.nodeType or null != "worker" && impermanence.enable)
+    environment.persistence = inputs.lib.mkIf (inputs.config.nixos.model.cluster.nodeType or null != "worker")
+    {
+      # TODO: make copy or soft link of files
+      "/nix/persistent".users.chn =
       {
-        # TODO: make copy or soft link of files
-        "${impermanence.persistence}".users.chn =
-        {
-          directories = builtins.map
-            (dir: { directory = dir.dir or dir; user = "chn"; group = "chn"; mode = dir.mode or "0755"; })
-            [
-              # common things
-              "bin" "Desktop" "Documents" "Downloads" "Music" "Pictures" "repo" "share" "Public" "Videos"
-              ".config" ".local/share"
-              # # gnome
-              # { dir = ".config/dconf"; mode = "0700"; } ".config/gtk-2.0" ".config/gtk-3.0" ".config/gtk-4.0"
-              # ".config/libaccounts-glib"
-              # # android
-              # { dir = ".android"; mode = "0750";}
-              # xmuvpn
-              ".ecdata"
-              # firefox
-              { dir = ".mozilla/firefox/default"; mode = "0700"; }
-              # ssh
-              { dir = ".ssh"; mode = "0700"; }
-              # steam
-              ".steam" # ".local/share/Steam"
-              # vscode
-              ".vscode" # ".config/Code" ".config/grammarly-languageserver"
-              # zotero
-              ".zotero" "Zotero"
-              # 百度网盘
-              # ".config/BaiduPCS-Go"
-              # # bitwarden
-              # ".config/Bitwarden"
-              # # blender
-              # ".config/blender"
-              # # chromium
-              # ".config/chromium"
-              # # crow-translate
-              # ".config/crow-translate"
-              # # discord
-              # ".config/discord"
-              # # element
-              # ".config/Element"
-              # # fcitx
-              # ".config/fcitx5" ".local/share/fcitx5"
-              # # github
-              # ".config/gh"
-              # # gimp
-              # ".config/GIMP"
-              # # chrome
-              # ".config/google-chrome"
-              # # inkscape
-              # ".config/inkscape"
-              # # jetbrain
-              # ".config/JetBrains" ".local/share/JetBrains"
-              # # kde
-              # ".config/akonadi" ".config/KDE" ".config/kde.org" ".config/kdeconnect" ".config/kdedefaults"
-              # ".config/Kvantum"
-              # ".local/share/akonadi" ".local/share/akonadi-davgroupware"
-              # ".local/share/kactivitymanagerd" ".local/share/kwalletd" ".local/share/plasma"
-              # ".local/share/plasma-systemmonitor" ".local/share/plasma_notes"
-              # # libreoffice
-              # ".config/libreoffice"
-              # # mathematica
-              # ".config/mathematica"
-              # # netease-cloud-music-gtk
-              # ".config/netease-cloud-music" ".local/share/netease-cloud-music-gtk4"
-              # # nheko
-              # ".config/nheko" ".local/share/nheko"
-              # # ovito
-              # ".config/Ovito"
-              # # qbittorrent
-              # ".config/qBittorrent" ".local/share/qBittorrent"
-              # # remmina
-              # ".config/remmina" ".local/share/remmina"
-              # # slack
-              # ".config/Slack"
-              # # spotify
-              # ".config/spotify"
-              # # systemd TODO: use declarative
-              # ".config/systemd/user"
-              # # typora
-              # ".config/Typora"
-              # # xsettingsd
-              # ".config/xsettingsd"
-              # # yesplaymusic
-              # ".config/yesplaymusic"
-              # # genshin
-              # ".local/share/anime-game-launcher"
-              # # applications
-              # ".local/share/applications" ".local/share/desktop-directories"
-              # # theme TODO: remove them
-              # ".local/share/color-schemes" ".local/share/icons" ".local/share/wallpapers"
-              # # dbeaver
-              # ".local/share/DbeaverData"
-              # # docker
-              # ".local/share/docker"
-              # # fonts TODO: use declarative
-              # ".local/share/fonts"
-              # # gpg
-              # ".local/share/gnupg"
-              # # TODO: what is this?
-              # ".local/share/mime"
-              # # telegram
-              # ".local/share/TelegramDesktop"
-              # # trash
-              # ".local/share/Trash"
-              # # waydroid
-              # ".local/share/waydroid"
-              # # zsh
-              # ".local/share/zsh"
-            ];
-          # TODO: create file if not exist
-          # files = builtins.map
-          #   (file: { inherit file; parentDirectory = { user = "chn"; group = "chn"; mode = "0755"; }; })
-          #   [
-          #     # kde
-          #     ".config/kactivitymanagerdrc" ".config/plasma-org.kde.plasma.desktop-appletsrc"
-          #     ".config/kactivitymanagerd-switcher" ".config/kactivitymanagerd-statsrc"
-          #     ".config/kactivitymanagerd-pluginsrc"
-          #     ".config/plasmarc" ".config/plasmashellrc" ".config/kwinrc" ".config/krunnerrc"
-          #     ".config/kdeglobals" ".config/kglobalshortcutsrc" ".config/kio_fishrc" ".config/kiorc"
-          #     ".config/kleopatrarc" ".config/kmail2rc" ".config/kmailsearchindexingrc" ".config/kscreenlockerrc"
-          #     ".config/user-dirs.dirs" ".config/yakuakerc"
-          #     # age TODO: use sops to storage
-          #     ".config/sops/age/keys.txt"
-          #   ];
-        };
+        directories = builtins.map
+          (dir: { directory = dir.dir or dir; user = "chn"; group = "chn"; mode = dir.mode or "0755"; })
+          [
+            # common things
+            "bin" "Desktop" "Documents" "Downloads" "Music" "Pictures" "repo" "share" "Public" "Videos"
+            ".config" ".local/share"
+            # # gnome
+            # { dir = ".config/dconf"; mode = "0700"; } ".config/gtk-2.0" ".config/gtk-3.0" ".config/gtk-4.0"
+            # ".config/libaccounts-glib"
+            # # android
+            # { dir = ".android"; mode = "0750";}
+            # xmuvpn
+            ".ecdata"
+            # firefox
+            { dir = ".mozilla/firefox/default"; mode = "0700"; }
+            # ssh
+            { dir = ".ssh"; mode = "0700"; }
+            # steam
+            ".steam" # ".local/share/Steam"
+            # vscode
+            ".vscode" # ".config/Code" ".config/grammarly-languageserver"
+            # zotero
+            ".zotero" "Zotero"
+            # 百度网盘
+            # ".config/BaiduPCS-Go"
+            # # bitwarden
+            # ".config/Bitwarden"
+            # # blender
+            # ".config/blender"
+            # # chromium
+            # ".config/chromium"
+            # # crow-translate
+            # ".config/crow-translate"
+            # # discord
+            # ".config/discord"
+            # # element
+            # ".config/Element"
+            # # fcitx
+            # ".config/fcitx5" ".local/share/fcitx5"
+            # # github
+            # ".config/gh"
+            # # gimp
+            # ".config/GIMP"
+            # # chrome
+            # ".config/google-chrome"
+            # # inkscape
+            # ".config/inkscape"
+            # # jetbrain
+            # ".config/JetBrains" ".local/share/JetBrains"
+            # # kde
+            # ".config/akonadi" ".config/KDE" ".config/kde.org" ".config/kdeconnect" ".config/kdedefaults"
+            # ".config/Kvantum"
+            # ".local/share/akonadi" ".local/share/akonadi-davgroupware"
+            # ".local/share/kactivitymanagerd" ".local/share/kwalletd" ".local/share/plasma"
+            # ".local/share/plasma-systemmonitor" ".local/share/plasma_notes"
+            # # libreoffice
+            # ".config/libreoffice"
+            # # mathematica
+            # ".config/mathematica"
+            # # netease-cloud-music-gtk
+            # ".config/netease-cloud-music" ".local/share/netease-cloud-music-gtk4"
+            # # nheko
+            # ".config/nheko" ".local/share/nheko"
+            # # ovito
+            # ".config/Ovito"
+            # # qbittorrent
+            # ".config/qBittorrent" ".local/share/qBittorrent"
+            # # remmina
+            # ".config/remmina" ".local/share/remmina"
+            # # slack
+            # ".config/Slack"
+            # # spotify
+            # ".config/spotify"
+            # # systemd TODO: use declarative
+            # ".config/systemd/user"
+            # # typora
+            # ".config/Typora"
+            # # xsettingsd
+            # ".config/xsettingsd"
+            # # yesplaymusic
+            # ".config/yesplaymusic"
+            # # genshin
+            # ".local/share/anime-game-launcher"
+            # # applications
+            # ".local/share/applications" ".local/share/desktop-directories"
+            # # theme TODO: remove them
+            # ".local/share/color-schemes" ".local/share/icons" ".local/share/wallpapers"
+            # # dbeaver
+            # ".local/share/DbeaverData"
+            # # docker
+            # ".local/share/docker"
+            # # fonts TODO: use declarative
+            # ".local/share/fonts"
+            # # gpg
+            # ".local/share/gnupg"
+            # # TODO: what is this?
+            # ".local/share/mime"
+            # # telegram
+            # ".local/share/TelegramDesktop"
+            # # trash
+            # ".local/share/Trash"
+            # # waydroid
+            # ".local/share/waydroid"
+            # # zsh
+            # ".local/share/zsh"
+          ];
+        # TODO: create file if not exist
+        # files = builtins.map
+        #   (file: { inherit file; parentDirectory = { user = "chn"; group = "chn"; mode = "0755"; }; })
+        #   [
+        #     # kde
+        #     ".config/kactivitymanagerdrc" ".config/plasma-org.kde.plasma.desktop-appletsrc"
+        #     ".config/kactivitymanagerd-switcher" ".config/kactivitymanagerd-statsrc"
+        #     ".config/kactivitymanagerd-pluginsrc"
+        #     ".config/plasmarc" ".config/plasmashellrc" ".config/kwinrc" ".config/krunnerrc"
+        #     ".config/kdeglobals" ".config/kglobalshortcutsrc" ".config/kio_fishrc" ".config/kiorc"
+        #     ".config/kleopatrarc" ".config/kmail2rc" ".config/kmailsearchindexingrc" ".config/kscreenlockerrc"
+        #     ".config/user-dirs.dirs" ".config/yakuakerc"
+        #     # age TODO: use sops to storage
+        #     ".config/sops/age/keys.txt"
+        #   ];
       };
+    };
   };
 }
diff --git a/modules/user/chn/plasma/autostart.nix b/modules/user/chn/plasma/autostart.nix
index cb8ddb88..47628b48 100644
--- a/modules/user/chn/plasma/autostart.nix
+++ b/modules/user/chn/plasma/autostart.nix
@@ -65,11 +65,7 @@ inputs:
           value.source = programs.${file}.path;
         })
         (devices.${inputs.config.nixos.model.hostname} or []));
-    environment.persistence =
-      let impermanence = inputs.config.nixos.system.impermanence;
-      in inputs.lib.mkIf (inputs.config.nixos.model.cluster.nodeType or null != "worker" && impermanence.enable)
-      {
-        "${impermanence.root}".users.chn.directories = [ ".config/autostart" ];
-      };
+    environment.persistence."/nix/rootfs/current".users.chn.directories =
+      inputs.lib.mkIf (inputs.config.nixos.model.cluster.nodeType or null != "worker") [ ".config/autostart" ];
   };
 }
diff --git a/modules/user/chn/plasma/konsole.nix b/modules/user/chn/plasma/konsole.nix
index c99f519c..7a096f89 100644
--- a/modules/user/chn/plasma/konsole.nix
+++ b/modules/user/chn/plasma/konsole.nix
@@ -67,9 +67,8 @@ inputs:
         [ "Opacity=1" ] [ "Opacity=0.9\nBlur=true" ]
         (builtins.readFile "${inputs.pkgs.konsole}/share/konsole/Breeze.colorscheme");
     };
-    environment.persistence =
-      let impermanence = inputs.config.nixos.system.impermanence;
-      in inputs.lib.mkIf (inputs.config.nixos.model.cluster.nodeType or null != "worker" && impermanence.enable)
-        { "${impermanence.root}".users.chn.directories = [ ".local/share/konsole" ".local/share/yakuake" ]; };
+    environment.persistence."/nix/rootfs/current".users.chn.directories =
+      inputs.lib.mkIf (inputs.config.nixos.model.cluster.nodeType or null != "worker")
+        [ ".local/share/konsole" ".local/share/yakuake" ];
   };
 }
diff --git a/modules/user/default.nix b/modules/user/default.nix
index 59343ad2..06db0676 100644
--- a/modules/user/default.nix
+++ b/modules/user/default.nix
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ inputs:
       home-manager.users = builtins.listToAttrs (builtins.map
         (name: { inherit name; value.imports = user.sharedModules; })
         user.users);
-      environment.persistence."${inputs.config.nixos.system.impermanence.persistence}".directories =
+      environment.persistence."/nix/persistent".directories =
         inputs.lib.mkIf (inputs.config.nixos.model.cluster.nodeType or null != "worker") (builtins.map
           (user: { directory = "/home/${user}"; inherit user; group = user; mode = "0700"; })
           (builtins.filter (user: user != "chn") user.users));